1、ACI Education Bulletin E3-13Cementitious Materials for Concrete Developed by ACI Committee E-701First PrintingAugust 2013Cementitious Materials for ConcreteCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole
2、 or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these ef
3、forts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.o
4、rg/committees/errata.asp. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who
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6、 kind, either express or implied, includ-ing but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or con-sequential damages, inc
7、luding without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representa
8、tions with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety a
9、nd Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the develop-ment of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order informat
10、ion: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institut
11、e38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgAmerican Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeThis document discusses commonly used cementitious materials for concrete and describes the basic use of these materials. It is targeted
12、 at those in the concrete industry not involved in deter-mining the specific mixture proportions of concrete or in measuring the properties of the concrete. Students, craftsmen, inspectors, and contractors may find this a valuable introduction to a complex topic. The document is not intended to be a
13、 state-of-the-art report, users guide, or a technical discussion of past and present research findings. More detailed information is available in ACI 225R-99, “Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic Cements,” ACI 232.2R-03, “Use of Fly Ash in Concrete,” ACI 233R-03, “Slag Cement in Concrete and
14、 Mortar,” and ACI 234R-06, “Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete.”CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. E3-21.1History of portland cement, p. E3-21.2Sustainability, p. E3-2CHAPTER 2MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, p. E3-42.1Raw material preparation, p. E3-42.2Pyroprocessing, p. E3-62.3Final proce
15、ssing, p. E3-62.4Quality control, p. E3-6CHAPTER 3PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CEMENTS, p. E3-63.1Compound composition, p. E3-63.2Types of portland cement, p. E3-63.3Hydration of portland cements, p. E3-73.4Cement fineness, p. E3-83.5Setting behavior, p. E3-93.6Heat of hydration, p. E3-93.7Stre
16、ngth development, p. E3-93.8Sulfate resistance, p. E3-9CHAPTER 4PORTLAND CEMENTS AND THEIR SPECIFICATIONS, p. E3-104.1Cement types, p. E3-10CHAPTER 5STANDARD TESTS FOR PORTLAND CEMENTS, p. E3-155.1Chemical tests, p. E3-165.2Physical tests, p. E3-16CHAPTER 6FLY ASH AND NATURAL POZZOLANS, p. E3-186.1C
17、lassification of pozzolans, p. E3-186.2Fly ash as cementitious material, p. E3-196.3Effect of fly ash on fresh concrete, p. E3-196.4Effect of fly ash on hardened concrete, p. E3-206.5Concrete mixture considerations with fly ash, p. E3-21CHAPTER 7SLAG CEMENT, p. E3-227.1Classification of blast-furnac
18、e slag, p. E3-22ACI Education Bulletin E3-13CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS FOR CONCRETEPrepared under the direction and supervision of ACI Committee E-701, Materials for Concrete ConstructionThomas M. Greene, ChairCorina-Maria AldeaRichard P. Bohan*David A. BurgDarrell F. ElliotDarmawan LudirdjaMark R. Lukk
19、arilaClifford N. MacDonaldCharles K. NmaiDavid M. SuchorskiLawrence L. SutterJoseph E. ThomasKari L. YuersRobert C. Zellers*Chair of document subcommittee.E3-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. Thi
20、s document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility
21、 for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be resta
22、ted in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.Copyright 2013, American Concrete Institute.ACI Education Bulletin E3-13 supersedes E3-01 and was published August 2013.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making
23、 of copies by any photo process, or by elec-tronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.7.2Slag cement as suppl
24、ementary cementitious material, p. E3-237.3Effects of slag cement on fresh and hardened proper-ties of concrete, p. E3-23CHAPTER 8SILICA FUME, p. E3-238.1Silica fume production, p. E3-238.2Silica fume as cementitious material, p. E3-248.3Effects of silica fume on properties of fresh and hardened con
25、crete, p. E3-24CHAPTER 9ADDITIONAL FACTORS IN SELECTION AND USE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, p. E3-249.1Uniformity, p. E3-249.2Handling and storage of cement, p. E3-259.3Availability, p. E3-25CHAPTER 10REFERENCES, p. E3-25CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONConcrete is made from a properly proportioned mixture of hydraulic
26、 cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates and, often, chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The most common hydraulic cement used in construction today is portland cement. Although other types exist, portland cement is the most widely manufac-tured and the focus of th
27、is document. Exceptions are noted otherwise. The successful use of concrete in construction depends on the correct selection of the appropriate materials necessary and the proper proportioning of those materials. This requires knowledge of the material properties and the tests used to measure those
28、properties.The selection and characterization of hydraulic cement and SCMs are the subjects of this bulletin, while aggregates, admixtures, and concrete characteristics are discussed in companion volumes. There are several varieties of hydraulic portland cement, as recognized by ASTM International,
29、which vary in their properties. Hydraulic cement is defined as cement that sets and hardens by chemical reaction with water and is capable of doing so underwater. The following chapters review the composition and properties of the various portland cements and SCMs, discuss the tests used to evaluate
30、 a cement, and consider how cement properties influence the performance of the concrete.1.1History of portland cementThe name “portland” originates from a trade name used by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 to describe the new cement he patented that year in England. He claimed that the artifi-cial stone (conc
31、rete) made with his cement was similar in appearance to portland stone, a high-quality limestone used in construction during that time period. Although the term “portland cement” dates from Aspdins patent in 1824, hydraulic cement as a material can be traced back to ancient times, where several famo
32、us landmarks of the Roman era owe their survival to the cementitious qualities of the fore-runner to portland cement.The portland cement industry quickly spread in England. By 1890, there was a flourishing export business to the United States. The fledging U.S. industry founded by David Saylor at Co
33、play, PA, in 1871, soon captured the domestic market. U.S. production rose from 54,000 metric tons (60,000 tons) per year in 1890 to 1.5 million metric tons (1.7 million tons) in 1900, and by 1915 had increased to 14.1 million metric tons (15.5 million tons). Early cement production was measured on
34、the basis of a barrel. One barrel of cement was equivalent to 374 lb (170 kg) of cement. One-quarter barrel of cement was then equivalent to 94 lb (43 kg), which quickly became the accepted basis for the quantity of cement in a bag or sack. Today, more than 121 million metric tons (133 million tons)
35、 of portland cement are used each year in the United States. The worldwide consumption of cement is more than 2160 million metric tons (2376 million tons). In the past, cement production was measured in tons (2000 lb) and now it is measured in metric tons (1000 kg). A metric ton, or megagram (Mg), i
36、s equal to 1 million grams and is approximately 10% more than a U.S. ton.1.2SustainabilityThe sustainable attributes of concrete are strongly tied to the service life and performance of the cementitious binder system used. Conventional systems based on portland cement have an unparalleled record of
37、performance under a wide range of conditions. However, as is the case with manufacturing processes used in the production of other building materials, production of portland cement requires a significant amount of energy and inherently produces greenhouse gases. Given this fact, engineers have devel
38、-oped approaches to improving the sustainability of concrete by an increased use of cementitious materials that rely less on portland cement and more on alternative materials (for example, coal fly ash, silica fume, slag cement, and natural pozzolans). Through the use of alternative materials, the a
39、bility to accomplish significant reductions in the embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with port-land cement production has served to significantly improve the overall sustainability of concrete. In the future, the use of alternatives to portland cement will only increase. Howeve
40、r, any changes in the binder system used in concrete must be accomplished without sacrificing the service life and perfor-mance attributes that have made concrete the most widely used construction material on the planet.When examining the sustainability of concrete, and specifically the role of the
41、hydraulic cement binder system in achieving sustainability goals, it is important to consider those areas where portland cement contributes. Portland cement provides a low-cost, effective binder system, whether used alone or in combination with alternative materials. As a result, society has reaped
42、the benefits, enabling the construc-tion of bridges, roads, dams, and buildings that simply cannot be constructed with other materials. Importantly, the most critical infrastructure systems of our society are built with concrete that uses a portland-cement-based binder system. The societal benefits
43、of concrete, and indirectly the societal benefits of portland cement, cannot be overstated American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgE3-2 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE (ACI E3-13)and must be considered when evaluating the sustainability of both materials.It is equally imp
44、ortant to identify those areas where improvements in the sustainability of all cementitious materials need to occur, including portland cement. Relative to the latter point, it is also important to recognize the prog-ress of the portland cement industry toward reducing the embodied energy and greenh
45、ouse gas emissions associated with cement production. These improvements are striking when compared to almost any other industry; yet, there is more to accomplish. The portland-cement concrete industry is committed to achieving universal recognition as being a sustainable choice by continuing to imp
46、rove and innovate the processes of cement production, as well as all other aspects of concrete production and use.When measuring the sustainability of a construction material, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact of the material over the entire life cycle of the structure. The embodied
47、 energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with portland-cement-based construction are largely associ-ated with the material manufacture and initial construction phases of a structures life cycle. After this initial phase, the durability and inherent long service life of concrete results in str
48、uctures that require little to no additional energy expen-ditures associated with materials-related maintenance or rework. Also, buildings constructed using concrete are more thermally efficient, resulting in a reduced carbon footprint associated with the operation phase. When the structure has reac
49、hed the end of its service life, the concrete material can be entirely recycled and reused without requiring disposal in landfills. This cradle-to-cradle life cycle for concrete materials must be considered when comparing the sustain-ability associated with different construction options.1.2.1 Increased use of alternative cementitious materialsAlternative cementitious materials can be broadly grouped as SCMs, blended cements, and non-portland-cement-based cementitious systems.Generally speaking, SCMs are materials added to a concrete mixture
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