1、I High- Performance Concrete Third International Conference K M. Malhotra Paulo Helene internationalw SP-20 7 Front cover photo: Name of Building: e-Tower (under construction) Structural Designer: Ricardo Frana Concrete Designer and Concrete Construction Consultant: Paulo Helene Contractor: Tecnum H
2、igh-Performance Concrete Performance and Quality of Concrete Structures Proceedings Third International Conference Recife, PE, Brazil, 2002 Editors V. Mohan Malhotra Paulo Helene Armando Carneiro Enio P. Figueiredo international - SP-207 DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submi
3、tted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is April 2003. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the authors will be publishe
4、d in the July/August 2003 issue of either AC1 Structural Journal or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to,
5、 supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright O 2002 AMERICAN CONCRETE INST
6、ITUTE P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333-9094 All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or v
7、isual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production: Bonnie L. Gold Library of Congress catalog card number: 2002109270 ISBN: 0-8703 1-079-8
8、 The first conference on the subject of High-Performance Concrete (HPC), and Performance and Quality of Concrete Structures was held in Flonanopolis, Brazil in 1996 as a result of the initiative of Prof. Luiz Roberto Prudncio and Prof. Paulo Helene of Brazil, supported by Dr. Mohan Malhotra and Prof
9、. Kumar Metha from Canada and the U.S.A., respectively. The second conference on this subject was held in Gramado, Brazil in 1999, organized by Prof. Denise da1 Molin, with more than 350 participants worldwide. The success of these International Conferences is recognized by the ABCP-Brazilian Cement
10、 Industry Association (IBRACON), Brazilian Concrete Institute, and the academic and professional communities. A significant number of the participants in the HFC conferences were young researchers. Conferences are really contributing to the best engineering and holistic vision of Brazils concrete pr
11、ofessionals for tomorrow. Brazil has a huge experience in concrete structures design and construction since the beginning of the 1900s. In spite of this experience of more than 90 years, there have been few opportunities to show and to share this experience with AC1 and other important worldwide org
12、anizations. The Guinle Building, a 7-floor concrete office tower (28-m high) was inaugurated in 1916 in So Paulo, and is still functional. In 1929, the Martinelli concrete tower (106-m high), reached the world record in high-rise buildings, and is still in good condition. Also, in Rio de Janeiro, th
13、e Night Building was one of the highest concrete buildings in the world for many years. In addition, many other concrete structures, like Itaipu Dam (largest in the world) and 13-km large Rio-Niteroi Bridge, are important concrete structures. Since the 1980% new concrete structures using high-perfor
14、mance concrete have been built. In 1997, the highest concrete building in Brazil, 180-m high United Nations Towers, used 30,000 m of high-strength concrete (HSC) with f = 50 ma. This year the e-Tower Building with HSC f: = 125 MPa in columns is a new record in the world. To make sure of the safety o
15、f the above developments, major research projects were undertaken in the Brazilian universities, and important exchanges of information with well-known researchers and institutions in the world was necessary. The Third Conference demonstrates the significance of these exchanges. More than 90 papers
16、were received and 30 were accepted by the AC1 review panel for publication in the AC1 Special Publication, SP-207, as the proceedings of this conference. The Organizing Committee decided to publish many of those submissions that could not be included in the Special Publication as supplementary paper
17、s. In addition to the papers that have been published in the proceedings and supplementary volume, a number of other papers were also presented in the Conference. The refereed proceedings and the volume containing supplementary papers contain interesting papers about HPC and HSC. Also, there are pap
18、ers describing experiences in the use of recycled materials to obtain HPC, HPC for pavements, HPC with fibers, comparisons of different methods for proportioning mixtures, durability properties of HPC, and others showing that there are still many questions that remain to be answered. We appreciate t
19、he distinguished members of the AC1 review panel who reviewed the draft manuscripts in 2001 in Iguassu Falls during the 2001 IBRACON Conference. Without their prompt review and constructive comments, it would not have been possible to publish the proceedings for distribution at the conference. The c
20、ooperation of the authors in accepting reviewers suggestions, and revising their manuscripts accordingly, is greatly appreciated. The help of the AC1 staff for performing the administrative duties associated with this publication is greatly acknowledged. Editors V. Mohan Malhotra Paulo Helene Armand
21、o Carneiro Enio P. Eigueiredo Preface Behavior of High-Performance Concrete Subjected to by J. M. Calixto Biaxial Tension-Compression Stresses 1 High-Performance Concrete Using Fly Ash 15 by A. Cames, P. Rocha, S. Jalali, B. de Aguiar, and R. Delgado Strength and Chemical Resistance of Mortars Conta
22、ining Brick by M. OFarrell, B. B. Sabir, and S. Wild Manufacturing Clays Subjected to Different Heat Treatments . 33 The Conventional Concrete of Cana Brava Hydroelectric Plant . 5 1 by A. N. M. Lopes, M. A. Pimenta, M. A. S. Andrade, A. S. Barbin, R. M. Bittencourt, and W. Pacelli de Andrade Fiber
23、Reinforced High Strength Concrete: Evaluation of Failure Mechanism 69 by G. Giaccio and R. Zerbino Tensile Behavior of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete-Evaluation of by B. E. Barragn, R. Gettu, and R. Zerbino a Test Methodology . 91 Study of Use of Sewage Sludge Ash as an Addition in Concrete . 11 1
24、Ultra High Performance Concrete is Ideal for Protective Structures 125 by A. L. B. Geyer, D. Da1 Molin, and N. C. Consoli by G. Markeset A Simple Model to Explain Compressive Strength of High-Performance Concrete . 139 by D. de Arajo Dafico and L. R. Prudncio, Jr. Influence of Curing on Chloride Ion
25、s Penetration in Concretes . 151 by A. R. Martins and G. Camarini Influence of the Saturation Degree of Concrete on Chloride Diffusion: by A. T. C. Guimares and P. R. L. Helene Laboratory and Field Tests in Marine Structure 22-Year-Old 169 High-Strength Concrete with Crushed and Natural Sand 193 by
26、H. Donza, O. Cabrera, E. F. Irassar, and V. Rahhal V Performance of Polymer-Modified Lightweight Aggregate Concrete by J. A. Rossignolo and M. V. C. Agnesini Under Different Curing Conditions . 205 A Critical Analysis of Chloride Penetration Models in Reinforced Concrete Structures . 217 by J. Andra
27、de, D. Da1 Molin, and J. L. D. Ribeiro Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete Made with Different Cement Types for Industrial Floors 229 by D. Calo, L. Fernndez LUCO, R. Pombo, and R. Torrent SEM Analysis of the Paste-Aggregate Interface in Concrete by J. B. L. Liborio, I. J. da Silva, and A. B. de Melo Co
28、ntaining Silica Fume . 245 Comparison Between Accelerated and Natural Carbonation Results in Different Concretes . 263 by M. A. Sanjun, C. Andrade, and M. Cheyrezy Minimum Reinforcement in High Strength Concrete Beams . 279 by I. A. E. M. Shehata, L. C. D. Shehata, and S. L. G. Garcia Development of
29、 Compressive and Tensile Strength of HSC under Steam Curing Using the Maturity Approach . 297 by M. P. Barbosa, J. A. A. Salvador Filho, and R. C. A. Pinto HSC Designed by Three Mixture Proportioning Methods: How by N. G. Maldonado and P. R. L. Helene Precast High Performance Concrete 327 by G. G. S
30、erra and P. E. F. de Campos Much Different Are They? :. 3 1 1 Application of High Performance Concrete to the Connection Between Precast Beam and Precast Slab . 339 by D. de Lima Arajo and M. K. El Debs Experimental Results of Fracture Energy and Brittleness Number for High-Performance Concrete Spec
31、ified in Brazil . 361 by V. S. Caland, M. S. L. Velasco, and R. A. Einsfeld Creep and Drying Shrinkage of High Performance Concrete . 381 by C. A. A. Kalintzis and S. C. Kuperman VI Bearing Capacity of Precast High Strength Concrete Columns Connected by Mortar Joints . 397 by A. Da Silva Ramos Barbo
32、za and M. K. EI Debs Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Modified High Performance Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 417 by J. A. Rossignolo and M. V. C. Agnesini Ternary Blended Cements for High-Performance Concrete . 435 by G. Menndez, V. L. Bonavetti, H. Donza, M. Trezza, and E. F. Irassar Shear Behavi
33、or of Reinforced Concrete Beams with the Addition of Short Steel Fibers 9 by J. M. Calixto, L. V. Filho, and C. M. Gonalvez Comparative Study of Natural and Accelerated Carbonation Tests of HPC with Pozzolans: A Preliminary Approach 467 by G. C. Isaia, M. Vaghetti, and A. L. G. Gastaldini Cement Pas
34、te Optimization for High Performance Concrete 489 by G. Giaccio and R. Zerbino SP 207-1 Behavior of High-Performance Concrete Subjected to Biaxial Tension-Compression Stresses by J. M. Calixto SvnoDsis: The results of an experimental investigation on the behavior of high- performance concrete subjec
35、ted to biaxial tension-compression stresses are presented. Short-tem static tests were performed on 125 mm square by 12.5 mm thick plates. Strain controlled tests were executed in a biaxial testing machine constructed at the University of Texas. The primary studied variables were the discontinuity a
36、nd the ultimate stress levels at each stress ratio. Results indicated that even small amounts of tensile stress reduced the ultimate compressive strength of the specimens substantially. The failure mode of the plate specimens fell basically into one category: tensile splitting in a plane or planes p
37、erpendicular to the direction of the principal tensile strain. The failure surface contained both- fractures through coarse aggregate and mortar. These results suggest that the failure criteria for high-performance concrete, under biaxial tension-compression, is a limiting value for the tensile stra
38、in. The magnitude of the failure tensile strains is not constant, but increases with the degree of compression. Kevwords: behavior; biaxial tension-compression stresses; high-performance concrete; strength 1 2 Calixto Jos M. Calixto is an associate professor in the Structural Engineering Department
39、at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. His research interests are in concrete materials and concrete structures. INTRODUCTION Concrete in normal conditions is a versatile, strong and durable construction material. However under several physical and chemical processes as w
40、ell as certain environmental conditions it may deteriorate in a short period of time. This fact has led researchers in the last 30 years to develop the high- performance concrete. High-performance concrete (HPC) is a concrete which possess high workability, high strength and low permeability. The pr
41、oduction of a high-performance concrete can be achieved basically with a better selection of component materials, adequate mixture proportion, careful placement and proper curing. The required workability is normally attained with the use of superplasticizers. Since the manufacture of high-performan
42、ce concrete does not involve the use of exotic materials and complicated procedures, its production is within the reach of most concrete producers. In most structures, concrete is often subjected to biaxial states of stress, and the behavior of the material under these types of actions must be well
43、understood. It is, therefore, not surprising that numerous investigations into the behavior and strength of conventional concrete under biaxial stress states have been conducted in the past 40 years (1,2,3). On the other hand, HPC differs from normal strength concrete (NSC) in several aspects and th
44、ese differences are not yet totally understood. Thus more studies are necessary to better understand the behavior of this material and to facilitate the design and construction of more structures with HPC. The aim of this paper is to gain further understanding on the behavior and failure mechanism o
45、f HPC when subjected to biaxial stresses. Short-term static tests were performed on 125 mm square by 12.5 mm thick plates subjected to biaxial tension-compression stresses at selected stress ratios (4). The strain controlled tests were executed in a biaxial testing machine constructed at the Univers
46、ity of Texas. The primary variables studied were the discontinuity and the ultimate stress levels at each stress ratio. A comparative study with normal strength concrete is also presented. HPC, and Performance and Quality of Concrete Structures 3 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Materials The p
47、roportioning of the components for HPC mixtures is more critical than for normal concrete since for HPC optimum performance is required from each component used. This means that quality materials in the mixture proportion and good quality control in the field are necessary. For the current investiga
48、tion, the materials used included ASTM Type I cement (Brazilian Type CP I), crushed limestone, with a maximum size of 1.0 cm, as coarse aggregate and a river sand as fine aggregate. For the necessary slump the superplasticizer employed was Pozzolith 400-N manufactured by Master Builders of Cleveland
49、, Ohio. The mixture proportion consisted of 575 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete, a W/C (by mass) of 0.28, an aggregatehement ratio of 2.88 and a coarse-to-fine aggregate ratio of 1.72. The superplasticizerkement ratio (by mass) was 0.01 3 A total of nine 100 mm x 200 mm cylinders and six 150 mm x 150 mm x 500 mm beams were cast using steel molds. A pencil vibrator was used for compaction of the concrete into the molds. The newly cast molds were covered with a wet burlap for 24 hours. The cylinders and beams were then removed from the molds and placed in a curing
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