1、 CHAPTER 13 TRAINING AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULICS ENGINEERS 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.CHAPTER 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS 13.1 INTRODUCTION. 13-1 13.2 RECOMMENDED KNO
2、WLEDGE OF RELATED DISCIPLINES 13-1 13.2.1 Planning and Environmental Assessment 13-2 13.2.2 Right-of-Way . 13-2 13.2.3 Surveying . 13-2 13.2.4 Agency Policy and Procedures 13-3 13.2.5 Roadway Design 13-3 13.2.6 Pavement Design . 13-3 13.2.7 Structural Design . 13-4 13.2.8 Environmental Design . 13-4
3、 13.2.9 Geotechnical Design 13-4 13.2.10 Material Properties 13-5 13.2.11 Quantity and Cost Estimation . 13-5 13.2.12 Construction 13-5 13.2.13 Maintenance 13-5 13.2.14 Legal Issues. 13-6 13.3 CAREER DEVELOPMENT . 13-6 13.3.1 Mastery of Basic Drainage Design Technology 13-6 13.3.2 Experience in Basi
4、c Drainage Design 13-7 13.3.3 Professional Engineer Status 13-7 13.3.4 Training and Education in Advanced Hydraulics Engineering 13-7 13.3.5 Instructing and Public Speaking 13-8 13.3.6 Experience in Complex Hydraulic Design. 13-9 13.3.7 Management Training and Experience 13-9 13.4 OTHER ISSUES . 13-
5、10 13.4.1 Research and Development 13-10 13.4.2 Continuing Education Credit . 13-10 13.4.3 Record Keeping . 13-11 13.4.4 Engineer Versus Technician 13-12 13.5 CONCLUSION . 13-12 APPENDIX 13A BASIC HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN INTRODUCTION 13-14 APPENDIX 13B GENERAL HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN 13-17 APPENDIX
6、13C URBAN STORM DRAIN DESIGN 13-31 APPENDIX 13D BRIDGE WATERWAYS ANALYSIS . 13-36 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.13-iv Highway Drainage Guidelines APPENDIX 13E RIVER MECHANICS 13-39 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation O
7、fficials.Chapter 13 Training and Career Development of Hydraulics Engineers 13.1 INTRODUCTION Highway drainage is an important aspect of any highway design. The level of involvement of design personnel in the field of drainage design ranges from occasional contact with the subject to those who speci
8、alize in complex hydraulic engineering. In many instances, designers will perform customary hydraulic calculations as part of their overall design responsibilities. Some designers then advance to more complex hydraulic designs and may ultimately take responsible charge of a hydraulic engineering sec
9、tion. An individual wishing to pursue a career in hydraulic engineering will usually begin with basic design, advance with more technically demanding activities, and proceed to a management role. This chapter outlines the areas of knowledge and suggested training curricula that are desirable for an
10、individual wishing to pursue a career in hydraulic engineering. It is recognized that an individuals specific needs vary; however, this chapter will provide an employer with an overall program outline and help determine a logical sequence of study for the prospective hydraulics engineer. 13.2 RECOMM
11、ENDED KNOWLEDGE OF RELATED DISCIPLINES The highway drainage designer should be familiar with various aspects of highway projects including: planning and environmental assessment, right-of-way acquisition, surveying, agency policy and procedures, roadway design, pavement design, structural design, en
12、vironmental design, geotechnical and soils aspects, material properties (strengths/durability), 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.13-2 Highway Drainage Guidelines quantity and cost estimation, construction, maintenance, and legal issues. A degree of knowl
13、edge can be gained through course work, but “hands-on” experience is most desirable. It is neither expected nor necessarily recommended that the hydraulics engineer become an expert in every area of highway engineering, but it is imperative that the hydraulics engineer be able to understand and comm
14、unicate with personnel in other disciplines. 13.2.1 Planning and Environmental Assessment Drainage engineers should be involved in the planning and environmental assessment phases of a highway project. The location and scope of a project can have a significant impact on drainage and vice versa. For
15、example, the cost/benefits of crossing perpendicular to a stream at its narrowest point may be outweighed by the costs of routing the highway to that location. The need to conform with various regulations can affect both the extent and location of drainage facilities. Such regulations can include: F
16、EMA National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), USACE 404 permit, USACE regulated channels, USCG Navigational Clearance, U.S. EPA regulations, and other Federal and State environmental requirements. An oversight at the planning stage of a project can lead to considerable delays during the design phase.
17、 13.2.2 Right-of-Way Whereas it is not expected that the hydraulics engineer should have extensive experience in the processes by which right-of-way is established, it is important to appreciate the expense in time and money involved in right-of-way acquisition. The designer should account for such
18、costs and difficulties when determining suitable drainage appurtenances. Right-of-way acquisitions can prove to be one of the most expensive and time-consuming aspects of a highway projects development. 13.2.3 Surveying Interpretation of survey data may be the most obvious survey-related ability req
19、uired of a hydraulics engineer. The less obvious, but equally important aspects, include the ability to give specific guidance on where and how survey information is to be retrieved for use and the ability to use at least a level and distance measuring device. It is not unusual to expect a hydraulic
20、s engineer to perform small surveys for assessing drainage problems or verifying existing information. 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Training and Career Development of Hydraulics Engineers 13-313.2.4 Agency Policy and Procedures A hydraulics engineer
21、should be familiar with the agencys drainage policy and State drainage law. In addition, knowledge of funding policies and management practices are essential for proper coordination and performance of duties. This knowledge should be acquired through orientation seminars and on-the-job training (OJT
22、). 13.2.5 Roadway Design Drainage characteristics are affected by roadway geometry and vice versa. An ideal situation is for the roadway designer to be an accomplished drainage designer, though often the drainage design is performed separately. A hydraulics engineer should be conversant with roadway
23、 geometric criteria and design procedures. Such abilities should ensure that the optimum balance is achieved between driveabilty, traffic safety, drainage, and economics. At a minimum, the hydraulics engineer should be able to: compute roadway profiles and plot cross-section data, develop typical se
24、ctions, design vertical curves, compute superelevation data, interpret stationing and horizontal curve data, interpret plan/profiles and details, apply roadway safety criteria, assess plan quantity data, locate and interpret specifications, and write special provisions. 13.2.6 Pavement Design Severa
25、l aspects of pavement design are of direct concern to the hydraulics engineer including subpavement drainage and surface drainage. The need for adequate drainage can affect the type and configuration of the roadway section and vice versa. Significant concerns include: hydroplaning, ponding, and avoi
26、ding saturated roadway base. Roadway features such as pavement type and texture and cross slope and section type (urban or rural) directly influence the potential for hydroplaning and excessive ponding. Subsurface drainage is affected by pavement design features such as pavement and subpavement mate
27、rial type and permeability. Proper pavement design should ensure a suitable combination of structural, drainage, and safety characteristics. 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.13-4 Highway Drainage Guidelines 13.2.7 Structural Design The structural design
28、relies on information supplied by the hydraulics engineer for the design of various features including bridges and culverts. Though it is not necessary for the hydraulics engineer to have detailed knowledge of structural design procedures, it is important to have an understanding of the need for not
29、 only the dimensions required to achieve suitable hydraulic characteristics, but also other variables including: estimated scour depths for checking the bearing capacity and lateral stability of bents and abutments; design and check flood (e.g., 100 year) water surface elevations, not only to establ
30、ish appropriate freeboard elevations but also to check resistance to the impact of flow; velocities and potential for debris to check lateral stability and assess the possible need for features such as web walls or tie beams; and span configurations and superstructure types, dimensions, and location
31、. As a minimum, the hydraulics engineer should receive training on the basic aspects of hydraulic-related structural design. Additionally, in many agencies, the hydraulics engineer is charged with the responsibility of selecting appropriate pipe/conduit strengths and bedding conditions. Therefore, t
32、he individual should be familiar with bedding specifications and trenching conditions, and be able to develop, or at least interpret, fill height tables. 13.2.8 Environmental Design Issues such as the impact of highway runoff on water quantity and quality are both environmental and hydraulic in natu
33、re. In some instances, it may be necessary for the hydraulics engineer to have a strong environmental background, especially regarding the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water. In other cases, it may be necessary for the environmental engineer to have a strong hydraulic design back
34、ground. In either case, the need for the design of water quality mitigation features will be driven by regulations such as the U.S. EPA NPDES requirements and other Federal, State, and local ordinances. 13.2.9 Geotechnical Design The drainage-related aspects of highway design are often affected by o
35、r affect the geotechnical aspects, hence requiring close coordination between the hydraulics engineer and the geotechnical engineer. The hydraulics engineer should be conversant in aspects such as: stream geomorphology, foundation types and characteristics, foundation safety factors, soil types and
36、characteristics, soil loads and trenching conditions, groundwater conditions, subsurface drainage requirements, 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Training and Career Development of Hydraulics Engineers 13-5 erosion control, and geotextiles and granular fi
37、lters. Consideration of stream stability and bridge scour problems and stream bank protection design entails manipulation of geotechnical procedures including: tractive force theory, shear stress calculations, soil permeability, particle size analysis and distribution, and armoring. The hydraulics e
38、ngineer is often expected to perform such procedures as part of the hydraulic design. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the procedures. 13.2.10 Material Properties Drainage facility material selection is often a responsibility of the hydraulics engineer. In addition to having knowledge of the
39、 aforementioned geotechnical aspects, the hydraulics engineer should understand the concepts of corrosion and abrasion and other factors that affect conduit strength and durability. 13.2.11 Quantity and Cost Estimation It is incumbent upon the hydraulics engineer to provide cost-effective drainage d
40、esigns. Therefore, the ability to develop plan quantities and perform cost estimates and comparisons is a prerequisite. The designer should be able to acquire recent average cost data and be conversant with the bid item system employed by the agency for which the design is being performed. 13.2.12 C
41、onstruction It is often difficult, but important, to envision how a facility can be constructed. Time spent in the field is the only suitable means by which experience can be gained. The most hydraulically efficient features are not always the most constructable. Therefore, the choice of facility sh
42、ould be influenced by its constructability and expected construction costs. Additionally, the need to comply with regulations such as the U.S. EPA, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) as pertaining to construction activities emphasizes the importance of carefully considering cons
43、truction sequencing and phasing. A minimum of one year of relevant construction experience is desirable. 13.2.13 Maintenance Potential maintenance costs and access requirements should be considered for any drainage facility. Extensive maintenance experience is not expected, but the hydraulics design
44、er should be aware of the maintenance needs of a facility. For example, an inlet that traps debris yet is hard to access will probably be left blocked or ultimately replaced. Though specific time in maintenance operations is not considered a requirement, close communication with maintenance personne
45、l is considered 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.13-6 Highway Drainage Guidelines essential. To be conversant, the hydraulics engineer should at least attend maintenance conferences and short courses. 13.2.14 Legal Issues Drainage facilities should be de
46、signed and built to be in conformance with all applicable regulations including Federal and State drainage law. Regulations and laws vary from State to State. Such variations can affect how a facility might be provided in one State compared with another. Therefore, the ability to acquire and interpr
47、et information on relevant regulations is essential. Furthermore, the hydraulics engineer may be called upon to provide counsel to attorneys or even act as an expert witness in drainage-related litigation. While it is the lawyers responsibility to know the law, the engineer must be conversant with t
48、he legal aspects of the engineering profession and be able to communicate the technical material to the attorney. 13.3 CAREER DEVELOPMENT Hydrology and hydraulics are disciplines similar to geology and traffic forecastingthey lack the luxury of small tolerances and known variables that are encounter
49、ed in the more precise engineering areas (e.g., structural design). The practitioner of hydrology and hydraulics should exercise considerable judgment to complement engineering analyses. The ability to make sound judgment is developed primarily by experience. Therefore, the career development of an individual in this discipline will require a protracted time frame over wh
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