1、 STD?AASHTA SRCY AMEIEMM-ENGL 1998 E Ob39804 0047767 540 = AASHTO Movable Bridge Inspection, Evaluation and Maintenance Manual First Edition 1998 Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 Copyr
2、ight O 1998 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form with out written permission of the publishers. ISBN: 1-56051 -091 -9 AMERICAN ASSOCIATIO
3、N OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 19961997 Officers President: Darre11 Rensink, Iowa Vice President: David Winstead, Maryland Secretary/irasurer: Clyde E. Pyer, Maryland Regional Representatives Region I Region II Region III Region IV Carlos I. Pesquera, Puerto Rico
4、 Robert L. Robinson, Mississippi Robert A. Welke, Michigan Marshall W. Moore, North Dakota Non-Voting Members Immediate Past President: Wm. G. Burnett, P.E., Texas Executive Director: Francis B. Francois, Washington, D.C. 11 STD.AASHT0 SRCH AMBIEHM-ENGL 1978 Ob37804 00477b9 313 m HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTE
5、E ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 1998 Chairman: David Pope, Wyoming Vice Chairman: James E. Roberts, California Secretary: David Densmore, Federal Highway Administration ALABAMA, William E Conway ALASKA, Steve Bradford, Ray Shumway ARIZONA, William R. Brucsch, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Dale Loe CALIFORNI
6、A, James E. Roberts COLORADO, Stephen Horton CONNECTICUT, Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Chao H. Hu D. C., Donald Cooney FLORIDA, Jerry Potter GEORGIA, Paul Liles HAWAII, Donald C. Omellas IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, Mary JO Hamman IOWA, William A. Lundquist KANSAS, Kennet
7、h F. Hurst KENTUCKY, Stephen E. Goodpaster LOUISIANA, Norval Knapp, Wayne Aymond MAINE, James E. Tukey MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Sudhakar Kulkarni MINNESOTA, Donald J. Flemming MISSISSIPPI, Wilbur F. Massey MISSOURI, Allen E Laffoon MONTANA, William S.
8、Fullerton NEBRASKA, Lyman D. Freemon NEVADA, William C. Crawford, Jr. NEW HAMPSHIRE, James A. Moore NEW JERSEY, Harry A. Casper, Jr. NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, James OConnel1 NORTH CAROLINA, William J. Rogers NORTH DAKOTA, Steven J. Miller OHIO, Brad W. Fagrell OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch ORE
9、GON, Terry J. Shike PENNSYLVANIA, Scott Christie PUERTO RICO, Hector Camacho RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhoumand SOUTH CAROLINA, Randy R. Cannon SOUTH DAKOTA, John Cole TENNESSEE, Ed Wasserman TEXAS, Richard Wilkison U.S. DoTiDavid Densmore, (FHWA), Nick E. Mpras UTAH, 6 K. Mohanty VERMONT, Warren B. Tri
10、pp VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley WASHINGTON, Myint Lwin WEST VIRGINIA, James Sothen WISCONSIN, Stanley W. Woods WYOMING, B. Patrick Collins (USCO) ALBERTA, Dilip K. Dasmohapatra BRITISH COLUMBIA, Peter Brett MANITOBA, W. Saltzberg MARIANA ISLANDS, Elizabeth H. Salas-Balajadia NEW BRUNSWICK, G. A. Rush
11、ton NEWFOUNDLAND, Peter Lester NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Jivko Jivkov NOVA SCOTIA, Ai MacRae ONTARIO, Ranjit S. Reel SASKATCHEWAN, Lome J. Hamblin MASS. METRO. DIST. COMM., David Lenhardt N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Wallace R. Grant PORT AUTHORITY OF N.Y. AND N.J., Joseph K. N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, W
12、illiam Moreau BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Wade Cosey Kelly U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-FOREST SERVICE, Nelson Hernandez Robert D. Franz OF THE ARMY, Paul C. T. Tan MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS-DEPARTMENT . 111 . PART 1 . GENERAL m 01,3qt304 aot7770 035 m PART 1
13、. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.1 . INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1.1 General . 1-1 1.1.2 Background 1-1 1-2 1,1.4 Manual Organization . 1-2 1.1.3 Scope of Manual CHAPTER 1.2 - CODES AND STANDARDS 1-3 1.2.1 General . 1-3 1.2.2 Abbreviations . 1-3 1.2.3 National Codes and Standards Applicable to Personnel and Pub
14、lic Safety . 1-4 1.2.4 National Codes and Standards Applicable to Inspection 1-5 1.2.5 National Codes and Standards Applicable to Evaluation . 1-7 1.2.6 National Codes and Standards Applicable to Maintenance 1-7 CHAPTER 1.3 - PERSONNEL AND PUBLIC SAFETY . 1-9 1.3.1 General . 1-9 1.3.2.1 OSHA Require
15、ments . 1.3.2.2 Identification and Elimination of Personnel Hazards . 1-9 1.3.2.3 Personnel Training Programs 1-11 1.3.3.1 Pedestrian and Vehicular Safety . 1-11 1.3.3.2 Navigational Safety Practices 1.3.4 Bridge-Specific Safety Plan . 1-13 1.3.2 Personnel Safety 1-9 1-9 . 1.3.3 Public Safety 1-11 1
16、-13 CHAPTER 1.4 - MOVABLE BRIDGE TYPES . 1-15 1.4.1 General . 1-15 1.4.2 Swing-Span Bridges 1-15 1.4.2.1 Design and Operation 1-16 1.4.3 Vertical-Lift Bridges 1-18 1.4.3.1 Design and Operation 1-18 . 1.4.4 Bascule Bridges . 1-22 1.4.4.1 Design and Operation 1-23 CHAPTER 1.5 - MOVABLE BRIDGE FUNCTION
17、AL SYSTEMS 1-29 1.5.1 General . 1-29 1.5.2 Support System 1-29 1.5.3 Balance System 1-29 1.5.4 Drive System 1-29 1.5.5 Control System 1-30 1.5.6 Interlocking System 1-31 1 S.7 Navigation Guidance System . 1-32 1.5.8 Traffic Control System 1-32 1 -I . PART 1 . GENERAL SRCH AMBIEMM-ENGL 3998 Ob39804 0
18、047773 T7L = CHAPTER 1.6 . QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY ASSURANCE 1-33 1.6.1 General . 1-33 1.6.2 Definitions 1-33 1.6.3 Quality Control Plan 1-34 1.6.3.1 Bridge Inspection . 1-34 1.6.3.2 Documentation and Reporting . 1-35 1.6.3.4 Operations . 1-36 1.6.3.5 Maintenance 1-37 1.6.4 Quality Assurance Plan 1-
19、37 1.6.5 Implementation and Coordination of QUQA Activities 1-38 1.6.3.3 Evaluation 1-36 1 -II STR.AASHTQ SRCY AMBIEMM-ENGL 1998 Ob39804 0047772 PART 1 - GENERAL CHAPTER 1 .i - INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 GENERAL The intent of this Manual is to present uniform guidelines and procedures for the inspection, ev
20、aluation and maintenance of the nations existing movable bridge inventory. The Manual provides information pertaining to the unique structural, mechanical, hydraulic and electrical components and operational characteris- tics of a movable highway bridge. The Manual was developed for bridge engineers
21、, inspectors and maintainers charged with operational and maintenance responsi- bility for these complex structures. Therefore, the format of each part is intended for a specific group within the industry. Commentary adjacent to the text on the same page provides suggestions on implementing the guid
22、elines and procedures of this Manual and directs the reader to additional sources of information. 1.1.2 BACKGROUND The nations inventory of approximately one thousand movable highway bridges provides critical links in the highway infrastructure system. Since these structures serve both navigation an
23、d highway traffic, high priority is placed on their reliable performance. Interruption of highway or navigational traffic due to breakdowns in movable bridge operation usually result in inconvenience to the traveling public and affected industry, and create pressure on bridge owners and regulatory a
24、gencies. Bridge owners have a substantial capital investment in these structures and incur considerable annual expenses for full-time operational personnel and maintenance. A diligent program of inspection, evaluation, maintenance, and repairhehabilitation can improve the operational reliability and
25、 life of these structures, stabilize annual cost, and minimize breakdowns. In other industries (defense, automotive, aerospace) certain breakdowns resulting in loss of service are unacceptable. Principles used in these industries can be applied to movable bridges. Redundancy in critical systems, sto
26、cked spare parts, critical systems designed for self-diagnosis, and other methods are capable of greatly enhancing the reliability andor reducing downtime of new or rehabilitated structures. This Manual contains guidelines for inspection of existing structural, mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical
27、components, minimum criteria for bridge evaluation and vulnerability assessment, and preventive maintenance strategies unique to movable bridges that will assist in determining the condition and reliability of existing structures. These criteria are based on the best available data adapted from othe
28、r industries and from current practice in the movable bridge field. COMMENTARY CI. 1. I 908 This Manual was prepared under NCHRP Project 10-43, Movable Bridge Inspection, Evaluation, and Maintenance. The full final report describing the research effort is filed with the National Cooperative Highway
29、Research Program, which is administered by the Transportation Research Board. CI. 1.2 Why a movable vs. afixed bridge? In some cases, the bridge owner and the regulatory agency choose to meet the vertical clearance requirements of the mariner by providing a movable or drawbridge that is able to pass
30、, while in the closed position. an agreed upon percentage of the vessels, while opening for the taller vessels. This compromise is ojen done to reduce construction costs and/or adverse environmental impacts. A Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) Bulletin stated “Perhaps thejrst and most important question
31、to decide in location (of bridges) over navigable waters is the choice between a high leveljxed structure and a structure provided with a movable channel span(s). ” BPR further emphasized “that the basic principle of maximum traffic service at minimum cost may be stated as the controlling principle.
32、 ” In the same bulletin, BPR acknowledged that “. navigation of a large boat through the comparatively restric- tive horizontal opening aforded by a movable span is a task requiring skill andjudgment. Federal authorization of a drawbridge, however, does not constitute permission to restrict or obstr
33、uct navigation beyond the limits of the original permit. When a bridge owner chooses to build a movable bridge, the owner and, by law, all subsequent bridge owners and operators, have legally acknowl- 1-1 U Ob39804 0047773 8V4 PART 1 - GENERAL CHAPTER 1 .I - INTRODUCTION 1.1.3 SCOPE OF MANUAL The pr
34、ovisions of this Manual apply to highway structures which qualify as movable bridges in accordance with the AASHTO standard definition of a movable bridge. This Manual has been developed to assist bridge owners, engineers, and inspectors by describing procedures and guidelines specific to movable hi
35、ghway bridges and to meet the requirements of the National Bridge Inspection Standards. The intent of this Manual is to provide a single-source document to address industry needs, not to supplant proper training or the exercise of sound engineering judgment. Information on safety aspects of movable
36、bridges has been provided to the fullest practical extent, but a structure of unique or advanced design may require a level of sophistication higher than the minimum guidelines and procedures described in this Manual. Bridge owners should evaluate the specific needs of their bridge inventory and org
37、anizational structure, exercise judgment, and apply this Manual accordingly. 1.1.4 MANUAL ORGANIZATION This Manual contains four primary parts: General, Inspection, Evaluation, and Maintenance. The Appendix contains supplemen- tary information, with a reference list, glossary, and index provided at
38、the end of the Manual. The four parts are summarized as follows: Part 1 - General provides background for the special topics related to the inspection, evaluation, and maintenance of movable bridges. Part 2 - Inspection covers field condition inspection and testing of movable bridges. Part 3 - Evalu
39、ation addresses the evaluation of in-service movable bridges based on data obtained from system and component inspections, analysis, and testing. Part 4 - Maintenance provides guidance and minimum procedures for maintenance of structural, mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical components of in-servic
40、e movable bridges. The Appendix contains a copy of AASHTO Standard Specification for Movable Highway Bridges, 1938 (See Commentary C 1.2.2.), a basic explanation of gear mechanics, and examples of the evaluation process. A reference list, Glossary, and Index are provided at the end of the Manual, af
41、ter the Appendix. COMMENTARY edged that interruptions to land trafic will be required to allow passage of vessels and that they have a responsibility to budget for continuing maintenance, repair, and opera- tional costsfor the life ofthe bridge. The owner of a bridge which has been closed to vehicul
42、ar traflc is held responsible by navigation regulatory agencies for ongoing maintenance and operating costs. The term “ (2) an understanding of the actual hazards involved at individual structures and the methods available to minimize the risk of injury or other undesirable consequences; (3) the dev
43、elopment of a group of trained personnel and other problem response capabilities to minimize the effects of a hazard should an accident or unplanned event occur. . 1.3.2.1 OSHA Requirements General requirements for safety and health standards in the work place have been developed and implemented by
44、the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and are found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in Title 29 (Reference 69). 1.3.2.2 Identification and Elimination of Personnel Hazards Personnel safety hazards result from potentially dangerous conditions that can exist on a movable br
45、idge work site. Personnel accidents can be reduced through the identification of the specific conditions that lead to an unsafe situation, and by initiating corrective actions to promote a safe work environment. Some examples of typical problems and corrective actions include: COMMENTARY C1.3.1 The
46、number of safety, health, and environ- mental standards associated with the inspec- tion, operation and maintenance activities performed on a movable bridge cannot be readily organized into a format tailored to the diverse needs of each bridge owner. Bridge owners are encouraged to develop and imple
47、ment a written plan specifically designed for their movable bridge inventory that identijes and minimizes specijc safety and health hazards, addresses the well-being of operators, inspectors, maintainers, and the public, andprovides contingency plans in case of personnel, public or bridge emergencie
48、s. Section 1.3.4 of this chapter is intended to assist the bridge owner in the development of such a program, and to provide an outline of the minimum guidelines. C1.3.2 For a general discussion on bridge inspection safety equipment and clothing the reader is referred to Bridpe Inspectors Training M
49、anual/SO. (Reference 5) CI. 3.2. I OSHA requirements do not atpresent appear to specifically cover maintenance activities, including bridge inspection. OSHA applies to construction and to general industry. OSHA does, however, provide useful safety data which can and should be applied wherever the result is an increase in worker safety. In addition, many local safety standards which do apply incorporate OSHA by reference. Inadequately trained inspection, operational and maintenance personnel do not use proper safety procedures while con
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