AASHTO T 135-2013 Standard Method of Test for Wetting-and-Drying Test of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures.pdf

1、Standard Method of Test for Wetting-and-Drying Test of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures AASHTO Designation: T 135-13 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1b T 135-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for Wetti

2、ng-and-Drying Test of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures AASHTO Designation: T 135-13 1. SCOPE 1.1. These methods of test cover procedures for determining the soil-cement losses, moisture changes, and volume changes (swell and shrinkage) produced by the repeated wetting and drying of hardened soil-cemen

3、t specimens. The specimens are compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to maximum density at optimum moisture content using the compaction procedure described in T 134. 1.2. Two methods, depending on soil gradation, are covered for preparation of material for molding specimens and for molding

4、specimens as follows: 1.2.1. Method AUsing soil material passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. This method shall be used when 100 percent of the soil sample passes the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. See Sections 4 to 6. 1.2.2. Method BUsing soil material passing the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve. This method shall b

5、e used when part of the soil sample is retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. See Sections 7 to 9. 1.3. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 85, Portland Cement M 92, Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes M 145, Classific

6、ation of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials M 240M/M 240, Blended Hydraulic Cement T 99, Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop T 134, Moisture-Density Rel

7、ations of Soil-Cement Mixtures T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils 3. APPARATUS 3.1. Molds, 101.6 mm (4 in.); Rammer; Sample Extruder; and StraightedgeAs specified in T 99. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Du

8、plication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 135-2 AASHTO 3.2. Balances and ScalesA balance or scale having a capacity of at least 11.5 kg (25.4 lb) and conforming to the requirements of M 231 for a G 20 class scale, and a balance of at least 1-kg (2-lb) capacity and conforming to the requirem

9、ents of M 231 for a G 2 class scale. 3.3. Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining temperatures of 110 5C (230 9F). 3.4. Moist RoomA moist room or suitable covered container capable of maintaining a temperature of 21 1.7C (70 3F) and a relative humidity of 100 perc

10、ent for seven-day storage of compacted specimens. 3.5. Water BathSuitable tank for submerging compacted specimens in water at room temperature. 3.6. Wire Scratch BrushA wire scratch brush made of 50-by-1.6-mm (2-by-1/16-in.) flat No. 26 gauge wire bristles assembled in 50 groups of 10 bristles each

11、and mounted to form five longitudinal rows and 10 transverse rows of bristles on a 191-by-64-mm (71/2-by-21/2-in.) hardwood block. 3.7. Sieves75-mm (3-in.), 19.0-mm (3/4-in.), and 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieves conforming to the requirements of M 92. 3.8. Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as a mixing pan

12、 and trowel, or a suitable mechanical device, for thoroughly mixing the soil with cement and water. 3.9. Butcher KnifeA butcher knife approximately 254 mm (10 in.) in length for trimming the top of the specimens. 3.10. ScarifierA six-pronged ice pick or similar apparatus to remove the smooth compact

13、ion plane at the top of the first and second layers of the specimen. 3.11. ContainerA flat, round pan for moisture absorption by soil-cement mixtures, about 305 mm (12 in.) in diameter and 50 mm (2 in.) deep. 3.12. Measuring DeviceA measuring device suitable for accurately measuring the heights and

14、diameters of test specimens to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). 3.13. Pans and CarriersSuitable pans for handling materials and carriers or trays for handling test specimens. 3.14. GraduateA graduated cylinder of 250-mL capacity for measuring water. 3.15. Moisture Content ContainerAs specified in T 2

15、65. METHOD AUSING SOIL MATERIAL PASSING A 4.75-MM (NO. 4) SIEVE 4. PREPARATION OF MATERIAL FOR MOLDING SPECIMENS 4.1. Prepare the soil sample in accordance with the procedure described in Method A of T 134. 4.2. Select a sufficient quantity of the soil prepared as described in T 134 to provide two c

16、ompacted specimens at the required moisture contents. (See Note 1.) 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 135-3 AASHTO Note 1Optional: Usually only one specimen (identified as No. 2) is

17、 required for routine testing. The other specimen (identified as No. 1) is made for research work and for testing unusual soils. 4.3. Add to the soil the required amount of cement conforming to M 85 or M 240M/M 240. Mix the soil and cement thoroughly until the color of the mixture is uniform. 4.4. A

18、dd sufficient potable water to raise the soil-cement mixture to optimum moisture content at the time of compaction and mix thoroughly. When the soil used is a heavy textured clayey material, compact the mixture of soil, cement, and water in the container to a depth of about 51 mm (2 in.) using the r

19、ammer described in T 99 or a similar hand tamper; cover; and allow to stand for not less than 5 min but not more than 10 min to aid dispersion of the moisture and to permit more complete absorption by the soil-cement. After the absorption period, thoroughly break up the mixture, without reducing the

20、 material size of individual particles, until it will pass a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve as judged by eye, and then remix. 5. MOLDING SPECIMENS 5.1. Form a specimen by immediately compacting the soil-cement mixture in the mold, with the collar attached and later trimming the specimen in the same manner as

21、 directed in T 134, and in addition scarify the tops of the first and second layers to remove smooth compaction planes before placing and compacting the succeeding layers. This scarification shall form grooves at right angles to each other, approximately 3 mm (1/8in.) in width and 6.4 mm (1/4in.) in

22、 depth and approximately 6.4 mm (1/4in.) apart. During compaction, take from the batch a representative sample of the soil-cement mixture having a mass of not less than 100 g. Determine the mass immediately and dry in accordance with T 265. Calculate the percentage of moisture content as prescribed

23、in Section 7 of T 134 to check against design moisture content. 5.2. Determine the mass of the compacted specimen and mold, remove the specimen from the mold, weigh the oven-dry mass in kilograms, and calculate the dry density in kilograms per cubic meter (pounds per cubic foot) to check against the

24、 design density. 5.3. Identify the specimen on a metal tag (or other suitable device) as No. 1, together with other needed identification marks, and use to obtain data on moisture and volume changes during the test. 5.4. Form a second specimen as rapidly as possible and determine the percentage of m

25、oisture content and oven-dry mass as described in Sections 5.1 and 5.2. Identify this specimen as No. 2, together with other needed identification marks, and use to obtain data on soil-cement losses during the test. 5.5. Determine the average diameter and height of the No. 1 specimen. Determine the

26、average height by taking three height measurements along the side of the specimen (120 apart). Determine the average diameter by taking three diameter measurements at the quarter points of the end of the specimen. Calculate the volume of the No. 1 specimen using the average height and average diamet

27、er. 5.6. Place the specimens on suitable carriers in the moist room and protect them from free water for a period of seven days. Determine the mass and measure the No. 1 specimen at the end of the seven-day storage period to provide data for calculating its moisture content and volume. (See Note 2.)

28、 Note 2It is important that all height and diameter measurements be accurate to within 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) and be taken at the same points on the specimen at all times. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of ap

29、plicable law.TS-1b T 135-4 AASHTO Dimensional Equivalents mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 (0.125 0.025) 17.78 1.27 (0.700 0.050) 107.95 1.27 (4.250 0.050) 3.81 (0.150) 20.32 (0.800) 114.30 2.54 (4.500 0.100) 6.35 1.27 (0.250 0.050) 38.10 2.54 (1.500 0.100) 116.43 0.13 (4.584 0.005) 7.62 (0.300) 50.80

30、 0.64 (2.000 0.025) 152.40 2.54 (6.000 0.100) 9.53 0.64 (0.375 0.025) 60.33 1.27 (2.375 0.050) 165.10 2.54 (6.500 0.100) 12.70 2.54 (0.500 0.100) 101.60 0.41 (4.000 0.016) 172.72 2.54 (6.800 0.100) 0.000943 0.000008 m3(1/30 0.0003 ft3) Notes: 1. All dimensions are shown in millimeters unless otherwi

31、se noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the mid-height line. 3. Figure 1 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publication of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 1Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (101.6-mm Mold) 2015 by the American Associat

32、ion of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 135-5 AASHTO 6. PROCEDURE 6.1. At the end of the storage in the moist room, submerge the specimens in potable water at room temperature for a period of 5 h. Blot, weigh, and me

33、asure the No. 1 specimen (volume and moisture change specimen). 6.2. Place both specimens in an oven at 71 3C (160 5F) for 42 h and remove. Determine the mass and measure the No. 1 specimen. Give specimen No. 2 (soil-cement loss specimen) two firm strokes on all areas with the wire scratch brush. Th

34、e brush shall be held with the long axis of the brush parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen or parallel to the ends as required to cover all areas of the specimen. Apply these strokes to the full height and width of the specimen with a firm stroke corresponding to approximately 13.3 N (3

35、 lb). (See Note 3.) Eighteen to 20 vertical brush strokes are required to cover the sides of the specimen twice and four strokes are required on each end. Note 3This pressure is measured as follows: Clamp a specimen in a vertical position on the edge of a platform scale and zero the scale. Apply ver

36、tical brushing strokes to the specimen and note the force necessary to register approximately 13.3 N (3 lbf). 6.3. The procedures described in Sections 6.1 and 6.2 constitute one cycle (48 h) of wetting and drying. Again submerge the specimens in water and continue the procedure for 12 cycles. (See

37、Note 4.) The No. 1 specimen may be discontinued prior to 12 cycles should the measurements become inaccurate due to soil-cement loss of the specimen. (See Note 5.) Note 4Mass determinations of specimen No. 2 before and after brushing are usually made at the end of each cycle when conducting research

38、 and making special investigations. Note 5If it is not possible to run the cycles continuously because of Sundays, holidays, or for any other reason, hold the specimens in the oven during the layover period, if possible. 6.4. After 12 cycles of test, dry the specimens in accordance with T 265, Secti

39、on 5, and weigh to determine the oven-dry mass of the specimens. 6.5. The data collected will permit calculations of volume and moisture changes of specimen No. 1 and the soil-cement losses of specimen No. 2 after the prescribed 12 cycles of test. METHOD BUSING MATERIAL PASSING A 19.0-MM (3/4-IN.) S

40、IEVE 7. PREPARATION OF MATERIAL FOR MOLDING SPECIMENS 7.1. Prepare the soil sample in accordance with Method B (Section 6) of T 134. 7.2. Select and maintain separate representative samples of soil passing the 4.75-mm sieve (No. 4) and of saturated, surface-dry aggregate passing the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.

41、) sieve and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve so that the total sample will be enough to provide (Note 1) compacted specimens and required moisture samples. The percentage, by oven-dry mass, of aggregate passing the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve shall be the s

42、ame as the percentage passing the 75-mm (3-in.) sieve and retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve in the original sample. 7.3. Add to the sample passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve the required amount of cement conforming to M 85 or M 240M/M 240 required for the total sample specified in Section 7.2. Mi

43、x the soil and cement thoroughly until the color of the mixture is uniform. 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 135-6 AASHTO 7.4. Add to the sample passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve s

44、ufficient water to raise the total soil-cement mixture prescribed in Section 7.2 to optimum moisture content at time of compaction and facilitate moisture dispersion as described for Method A in Section 4.4. 7.5. After preparation of the mixture as described in Sections 7.1 to 7.4, add the saturated

45、 surface-dry aggregate to the mixture and mix thoroughly. 8. MOLDING SPECIMENS 8.1. Form a specimen by immediately compacting the soil-cement mixture in the mold (with the collar attached) and later trimming the specimen in accordance with Section 5.5 and 5.6 of T 134; and in addition, as the mixtu

46、re for each layer is placed in the mold, spade along the inside of the mold with a butcher knife before compaction to obtain uniform distribution of the material retained on the 4.75-mm sieve and scarify the tops of the first and second layers as described in Section 5.1 of this method. During compa

47、ction, take from the batch a representative sample of the soil-cement mixture having a mass of not less than 500 g, determine the mass immediately, and dry in accordance with T 265, Section 5, to determine the moisture content to check against design moisture content. Form a second specimen as rapid

48、ly as possible in the same manner. 8.2. Determine the mass of each compacted specimen with mold, remove the specimen from the mold, weigh the oven-dry mass, and calculate the dry density to check against the design density, identify and measure the No. 1 specimen (Note 1), place in the moist room, a

49、nd measure the No. 1 specimen again at the end of the seven-day storage period as described in Sections 5.2 to 5.6. (See Note 2.) 9. PROCEDURE 9.1. Proceed as directed in Section 6. CALCULATIONS AND REPORT 10. CALCULATIONS 10.1. Calculate the volume and moisture changes and the soil-cement losses of the specimens as follows: 10.1.1. Calculate the difference between the volume of specimen No. 1 at the time of molding and subsequent volumes as a percentage of the