AGMA 6002-C15-2015 Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears.pdf

1、ANSI/AGMA6002-C15ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 (Revision of ANSI/AGMA 6002-B93) American National Standard Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical GearsAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 AGMA 2015 All rights reserved ii Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 Revision of

2、 ANSI/AGMA 6002-B93 Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,

3、 substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolut

4、ion. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes or procedures not conforming to the standards. The Americ

5、an National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Sta

6、ndards Institute. Requests for interpretation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers Association. CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement, revision or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA Tech

7、nical Publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the Association on the subject matter. Tables or other self-supporting sections may be referenced. Citations should read: See ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15, Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears, published by the Ameri

8、can Gear Manufacturers Association, 1001 N. Fairfax Street, Suite 500, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, http:/www.agma.org. Approved July 6, 2015 ABSTRACT This standard provides the engineer, who is familiar with gear designing, a guide to sound design approaches for vehicle gear applications. Through th

9、is standard, the engineer is guided to selecting design considerations paramount to the parallel axis gear sets required in vehicle drive lines. These include tooth and blank proportions, metallurgy, lubrication, profile and lead modification requirements, and gear tooth tolerances. Properties of th

10、e commonly used steels and processes for their heat treatment are outlined, as well as details for calculating design limits for bending and contact stresses. Published by American Gear Manufacturers Association 1001 N. Fairfax Street, Suite 500, Alexandria, Virginia 22314 Copyright 2015 by American

11、 Gear Manufacturers Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1- 55589-001-8 American National Standa

12、rd AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 AGMA 2015 All rights reserved iii Contents Foreword vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Definitions and symbols . 1 3.1 Definitions 1 3.2 Symbols . 2 4 Design considerations . 3 4.1 Size and weight limitations 3 4.2 Tooth proportions (involutome

13、try) . 3 4.2.1 Modified cutter positions . 4 4.2.2 Modified cutter proportions 5 4.2.3 Undercut 5 4.3 Typical design values 6 4.3.1 Normal pressure angle, n . 6 4.3.2 Tooth height (whole depth), ht . 6 4.3.3 Tip/root clearance 6 4.3.4 Helix angle, 6 4.3.5 Face width, b . 7 4.4 Macro gear tolerances

14、7 4.5 Contact ratios, . 9 4.5.1 Involute contact ratio, 10 4.5.2 Face contact ratio, . 10 4.5.3 Total contact ratio, . 10 4.5.4 High involute contact ratio, HCR, gearing . 11 4.5.5 Contact ratio recommendations 12 4.6 Rim proportion . 14 4.7 Involute profile modifications . 15 4.7.1 Typical modifica

15、tions (external gear) 15 4.7.2 Drawing specifications 15 4.8 Helix (lead) modifications 15 4.8.1 Lead crown modification . 16 4.8.2 Helix modification 17 4.9 Pre-heat treatment geometry specifications . 17 4.10 Drawing specification 17 4.11 Gear tolerances . 17 4.11.1 Use of both elemental and compo

16、site tolerances . 17 4.11.2 Additional specifications 18 4.11.3 Control of root fillet area 18 4.11.4 Purchased gears . 19 4.12 Noise considerations . 19 4.13 Guidelines for various material grades . 19 4.14 Splines . 20 5 Surface finish . 20 5.1 Surface finish influence . 21 5.2 Surface finish para

17、meters . 22 6 Cooling and lubrication 22 6.1 Cooling 22 6.2 Lubrication . 23 6.2.1 Method of lubrication . 23 6.2.2 Type of lubricant 23 6.2.3 Lubricant viscosity . 23 6.2.4 Operating oil temperature . 23 6.2.5 Lubrication guidance . 24 6.2.6 Other considerations . 24 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI

18、/AGMA 6002-C15 AGMA 2015 All rights reserved iv 7 Materials and heat treatment . 24 7.1 Material selection 24 7.2 Heat treat metallurgical requirements . 25 7.2.1 Material reduction ratio recommendation 25 7.3 Hardenability . 25 7.4 Case carburized gears 25 7.4.1 Material chemistry . 26 7.4.2 Carbur

19、ized case depth 26 7.4.3 Material cleanliness . 28 7.4.4 Surface hardness in tooth area exception 29 7.4.5 Surface carbon exception . 29 7.4.6 Intergranular oxidation and non-martensitic transformation product exceptions 29 7.4.7 Process considerations for carburized case hardened gears . 29 7.5 Ind

20、uction and flame hardening 29 7.5.1 Hardening methods . 29 7.5.2 Material chemistry . 30 7.5.3 Metallurgical factors 30 7.5.4 Case depth 31 7.6 Nitrided gearing . 31 7.6.1 Material chemistry . 31 7.6.2 Prior microstructure . 31 7.6.3 Nitride case depth . 31 7.7 Through hardened gearing 33 7.7.1 Mate

21、rial chemistry . 33 7.8 Heat treat variations 34 7.8.1 Geometry considerations 34 7.8.2 Metallurgically induced residual stress . 34 7.8.3 Mechanically induced compressive stress 35 8 Determination of load capacity 37 8.1 Capacity to resist bending fatigue . 38 8.1.1 Bending stress formula . 38 8.1.

22、2 Stress concentration . 38 8.1.3 Bending derating factor . 39 8.1.4 Allowable design limits, bending stress. 40 8.2 Capacity to resist pitting 40 8.2.1 Contact stress formula 41 8.2.2 Pitting derating factor 41 8.2.3 Allowable design limits, contact stress (pitting) . 42 8.3 Capacity to resist scuf

23、fing . 43 8.3.1 Wear/scuffing resistance . 43 8.4 Failure mode interaction with lubrication and carburize metallurgy 44 9 Duty cycle 45 9.1 Miners rule 45 9.2 Procedure 45 9.3 Overload factors 45 9.4 Failure mode . 46 9.4.1 Gear surface failure . 46 Annexes Annex A (informative) Manual transmission

24、example . 48 Annex B (informative) Vehicle performance equations . 51 Annex C (informative) Splines. 57 Annex D (informative) Lubrication considerations for planetary gear carriers 58 Annex E Bibliography 61 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 AGMA 2015 All rights reserved v Tables Table 1

25、 - Symbols and terms 2 Table 2 - Typical total profile modification in vehicle gearing to compensate for bending under load for steel gears . 15 Table 3 - Typical surface texture values, inches . 21 Table 4 - Historical bending derating factors, Cdt, for vehicle spur and helical gears . 39 Figures F

26、igure 1 - Cutter position . 4 Figure 2 - Minimum addendum factor to eliminate undercut on generated full depth spur gears 5 Figure 3 - External tooth 8 Figure 4 - Internal tooth . 8 Figure 5 - External gear teeth edge break 8 Figure 6 - Internal gear teeth edge break . 9 Figure 7 - Number of teeth i

27、n contact versus involute contact ratio, . 12 Figure 8 - Gear contact ratios for noise reduction 13 Figure 9 - Rim proportions 14 Figure 10 - Typical tooth profile tolerance chart 16 Figure 11 - Lead tolerances for crowned tooth . 16 Figure 12 - Instrument features and directions of measurement trav

28、erse relative to manufacturing processes 21 Figure 13 - Process surface finish 22 Figure 14 - Case hardened tooth cross section (normal) . 26 Figure 15 - Depth of effective case at mid-tooth height, spur and helical gears, carburized and spin Type A (contour) induction . 27 Figure 16 - Variations in

29、 hardening pattern obtainable on gear teeth with flame or induction hardening 30 Figure 17 - Core hardness coefficient, Uc, for nitrided gears 32 Figure 18 - Minimum total case depth for nitrided gears, hc . 33 Figure 19 - Typical residual stress distribution after controlled shot peening . 36 Figur

30、e 20 - Bending fatigue improvements from shot peening . 36 Figure 21 - Allowable bending stress numbers, for carburized and hardened and spin induction Type-A (contour) steel gears, sat 40 Figure 22 - Allowable bending stress numbers for through hardened steel gears, sat 41 Figure 23 - Allowable con

31、tact stress numbers, for carburized and hardened and spin induction Type-A (contour) steel gears, sac . 42 Figure 24 - Allowable contact stress numbers for through hardened steel gears, sac 43 Figure 25 - Example of a cumulative duty cycle spectrum . 45 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15

32、AGMA 2015 All rights reserved vi Foreword The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA Standard 6002-C15, Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears. This standard was created to ser

33、ve as a guide to provide sound approaches for designing gears used in vehicle drive lines. This standard is intended for use by design engineers capable of selecting reasonable values for rating factors, material grades, heat treatment, and gear manufacturing capabilities. It updates, expands, and r

34、eplaces ANSI/AGMA 6002-B93, Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears. The committee intends to continue updating this standard to incorporate the latest data and technologies as they are developed. This guide establishes a gear set design by following a sequential approach using: design consi

35、derations; lubrication and cooling; surface treatments; material and heat treatment; load capacity determination; and variable duty cycle loading. The decision to produce a vehicle gearing design guide was made by the Vehicle Gearing Committee on May 4, 1971. The first draft of AGMA 170.01 and was d

36、ated May 1972. AGMA 170.01 was approved by the AGMA membership in February, 1976. The Vehicle Gearing Committee was reactivated in October 1987 to develop an updated vehicle gearing design guide. ANSI/AGMA 6002-B93 was published in 1993. Over the last 21, years the committee has worked on refining A

37、NSI/AGMA 6002-B93. The standard has been completely rewritten with updated material throughout. A sample of the changes to the standard include: - New sections on macro gear tolerances and high contact ratio gears; - A new chapter on surface finish; - An expansion of lubrication considerations from

38、one section to an entire chapter; - A complete rewrite of the load capacity section so that the material is more in line with the ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04; - Four new annexes were created that include: a design example; vehicle gearing equations; a discussion of splines; and an annex on lubrication consid

39、erations for planetary carriers. For full effectiveness, this guide should be used in conjunction with other applicable AGMA Standards. The first draft of ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 was made in April 2012. It was approved by the AGMA membership in March 2015. It was approved as an American National Standard

40、 on July 6, 2015. Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They may be submitted to techagma.org. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 AGMA 2015 All rights reserved vii PERSONNEL of the AGMA Vehicle Gearing Committee Chairman: Rick L. Platt Allison Transmission, Inc. Vi

41、ce Chairman: Richard W. Miller Fairfield Manufacturing Co., Inc. ACTIVE MEMBERS G. Blake Rolls-Royce Corp. D. Breuer Metal Improvement Company D. Brownlie . United Gear for transportation, recreational or industrial use. Propulsion of these vehicles should be a primary function of its power source,

42、and its mobility not confined to the constraints of a closely defined area.” 2 Normative references The following standards (documents) contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard (document). At the time of publication, the editions were valid. Al

43、l standards (documents) are subject to revision and parties to agreements based on this standard (document) are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards (documents) indicated below. AGMA 912-A04, Mechanisms of Gear Tooth Failures AGMA 923-B05, M

44、etallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing AGMA 925-A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress AGMA 938-A05, Shot Peening of Gears ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute

45、Spur and Helical Gear Teeth ASTM A534-09, Standard Specification for Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction Bearings ASTM A866-09, Standard Specification for Medium Carbon Anti-Friction Bearing Steel ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328-1-B14, Cylindrical gears - ISO system of flank tolerance classification - Part 1: D

46、efinitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to flanks of gear teeth 3 Definitions and symbols 3.1 Definitions The terms used, wherever applicable, conform to the following standards: ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols ANSI/AGMA 2001-D04, Fundamental R

47、ating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6002-C15 AGMA 2015 All rights reserved 2 3.2 Symbols The symbols used in this document are shown in Table 1. NOTE: The symbols and definitions used in this standard may differ from oth

48、er AGMA Standards. The user should not assume that familiar symbols can be used without a careful study of these definitions. Table 1 - Symbols and terms Symbols Terms Units Where first used b Face width in 4.3.5 be Net engaged width between two mating gears in Eq 10 bk Edge break (round) in Figure

49、5 bk max Edge break (round), maximum in Eq 7 bk min Edge break (round), minimum in Eq 8 Cdc Pitting derating factor - - 8.2.2 Cdt Bending derating factor - - 8.1.3 CG Gear ratio factor - - Eq 14 d Standard pitch diameter in 4.4 de Outside diameter in 4.4 de max Outside diameter, maximum in Figure 3 de min Outside diameter, minimum in Figure 3 deTOL Outside diameter total tolerance in Eq 5 df Root diameter in 4.4 df max Root diameter, maximum in Figure 3 df min Root diameter, minimum in Figure 3 dfTOL Root diameter tolerance in Eq 5 di Inside diamete