1、 AIAA G-129-2012 Guide Nomenclature and Axis Systems for Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel Testing AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a license as follows: T
2、he right to download an electronic file of this AIAA standard for storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may
3、not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. ii AIAA G-129-2012 Guide Nomenclature and Axis Systems for Aerodynamic Wind Tunnel Testing Sponsored by American Institute
4、 of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved March 2012 Abstract This guide is intended to increase the understanding of test nomenclature and axis systems between wind tunnel facilities throughout the world. Facilities should consider fully adopting the nomenclature in this Guide. At a minimum, it is
5、recommended that this Guide be used as a reference for nomenclature between facilities. AIAA G-129-2012 iii Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2012 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserve
6、d No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America AIAA G-129-2012 iv Contents Foreword vi 1 Scope 1 1.1 Purpose . 1 1.2 Constraints 1 1.3 Naming Conve
7、ntion . 1 1.4 Balance or Parameter Number 2 1.5 Corrections 2 1.6 Applicable Documents . 3 2 Test Section Conditions 4 3 Model Axis Systems and Attitude 7 3.1 Axis Systems . 7 3.2 Gravity Axis System 7 3.3 Tunnel Flow Axis System 7 3.4 Body, Stability, and Wind Axis Systems 8 3.5 Aeroballistic Axis
8、System 8 3.6 Missile Axis System . 8 3.7 Axis System Rotations 12 3.8 Model Attitude . 14 3.9 Stability Axis System Angles . 14 3.10 Aeroballistic Axis System Angles 16 3.11 Missile Axis System Angles . 18 3.12 Balance Attitude 19 4 Dimensional References . 24 4.1 Reference Areas and Lengths. 24 4.2
9、 Balance Reference Center 24 4.3 Model/Balance Center of Gravity 25 4.4 Moment Reference Center 26 4.5 Cavity and Base Pressure Areas and Lengths . 26 5 Pressures, Forces, Moments and Coefficients . 29 5.1 Pressures and Associated Coefficients . 29 5.2 Forces, Moments, and Associated Coefficients 29
10、 6 Publications Names . 36 7 References 36 Annex A Wind Tunnel Nomenclature . 37 AIAA G-129-2012 v Figures Figure 1 Arrangement of measurements for monitoring operating conditions in a subsonic wind tunnel using a pair of static pressure rings . 4 Figure 2 All axis systems 7 Figure 3 Tunnel flow, bo
11、dy, stability, and wind axis systems . 9 Figure 4 Tunnel flow, b ody, and aeroballistic axis systems . 10 Figure 5 Tunnel flow, body, and missile axis systems . 11 Figure 6 Effect of rotation order 13 Figure 7 Balance axis system and forces and moments 24 Figure 8 Model/balance center of gravity loc
12、ation 25 Figure 9 Model reference center location . 26 Figure 10 Model aft body cross-sectioncavity and base area 27 Figure 11 Cavity and base pressure area centroid coordinates . 27 Figure 12 Depiction of the b ody axis forces and moments, and the body, stability, and wind axis coefficients . 30 Fi
13、gure 13 Depiction of the body, missile, and aeroballistic axis coefficients 31 Tables Table 1 Test section conditions nomenclature . 6 Table 2 Axis system and angles nomenclature 21 Table 3 Dimensional references nomenclature 28 Table 4 Pressures, forces, moments, and coefficients nomenclature . 32
14、Table A.1 Compilation of wind tunnel nomenclature 37 AIAA G-129-2012 vi Foreword Wind tunnel test data nomenclature may be ambiguous and is quite often a source of confusion between wind tunnel test facilities. Using a parameter incorrectly could result in bad wind tunnel data with damaging conseque
15、nces. The Ground Testing Technical Committee (GTTC) of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) was asked to sponsor a working group on test nomenclature. After approval, the Test Nomenclature Working Group was formed under the operating structure of the GTTC. This nomenclature
16、standard is limited to steady-state wind tunnel testing involving forces and pressures for the broader wind tunnel testing community. This guide is intended to increase the understanding of test nomenclature and axis systems between wind tunnel facilities throughout the world. Facilities should cons
17、ider fully adopting the nomenclature in this guide. At a minimum, it is recommended that this nomenclature guide be used as a reference for nomenclature between facilities. Some of the benefits that may be achieved by using a standard set of nomenclature for testing are increased customer understand
18、ing increased portability of experimental data increased usefulness of archived data increased workforce flexibility reduced data system development and support costs During the initial meeting, an invitation list was developed for prospective organizations to join the working group representing sev
19、eral wind tunnel facilities, wind tunnel customer organizations, and academia. A standard is more effective when it is accepted at inception by a broad spectrum of participating organizations. The following officers and members have provided dedicated support, contributions, and leadership to the AI
20、AA/GTTC Test Nomenclature Working Group; their efforts have resulted in the development of this Guide: David Cahill, Chair ATA/Arnold Engineering Development Center Pete Wilcox, Co-Chair The Boeing Company Clifford Obara, Secretary NASA Langley Research Center Max Amaya NASA Ames Research Center Nan
21、cy Andersen Lockheed Martin Space Systems Allen Arrington Sierra Lobo Inc., NASA Glenn Research Center John Henfling Sandia National Laboratories Frank Jackson ATA/Arnold Engineering Development Center Mark Melanson Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Joe Patrick Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
22、Juergen Quest European Transonic Wind Tunnel Don Saxer Calspan (now at NASA Langley Research Center) Nick Verhaagen Delft University of Technology Julien Weiss University of Qubec AIAA G-129-2012 vii The following individuals are also acknowledged for their contributions: Jean Bianco NASA Headquarte
23、rs Guy Kemmerly NASA Langley Research Center Frank Kmak NASA Ames Research Center In addition, NASA Ames Research Center, the NASA Glenn Research Center, and the Arnold Engineering and Development Center provided their internal nomenclature toward the development of this standard. The GTTC consensus
24、 body approved this document in November 2011. The consensus body submitted this document to the AIAA Standards Executive Council (SEC) for their review in January 2012. The AIAA Standards Executive Council (Wilson Felder, Vice President) accepted the document for publication in March 2012. The AIAA
25、 Standards Procedures dictates that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or be guided by s
26、tandards reports. In formulating, revising, and approving standards publications, the committees on standards will not consider patents that may apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents
27、or copyright or both. AIAA G-129-2012 1 1 Scope This document provides a recommended test nomenclature for steady-state wind tunnel testing involving force, moment, and pressure data. This guide may be used as a translator (Rosetta stone) between different facilities and customers. The use of this d
28、ocument will enhance the understanding and communication between customers and facilities in the wind tunnel testing community. A major focus throughout this process has been to achieve a balance between too much or too little detail in the nomenclature parameters and definitions. When the names bec
29、ome too long, it is no longer nomenclature, but a full description of the item. The best nomenclature is immediately understood with no need to look it up. It is recognized that for this guide to be fully adopted, it must be easy to use and understand. 1.1 Purpose Test nomenclature ambiguity can be
30、a source of confusion, error, and inefficiency. While wind tunnel facilities measure many of the same physical quantities and apply similar corrections to their data, no two facilities and customers use the same set of nomenclature. This presents difficulties for facilities with multiple customers a
31、nd customers who test at multiple facilities. This sometimes leads to serious confusion, especially when a variable ends up with the same name but a different meaning. Finally, wind tunnel operation often requires the transfer of staff between facilities, which would be greatly facilitated by common
32、 nomenclature at each facility. 1.2 Constraints For each parameter addressed, a standard name is defined for use by data reduction, display, and storage devices. The computer names are limited to fourteen characters with no distinction made between upper and lower case. Only standard letters, number
33、s, and the underscore character are allowed (no symbols or Greek letters); subscripts and superscripts are not allowed. The meaning, unit of measure, and sign convention are defined for each parameter as well as a recommended name for publication. The standard units for each parameter are defined fo
34、r the International System, SI, and the English system. Units are not defined for the publication parameters since it is typically done in the publication. The following groups of testing parameters are included in this recommended nomenclature: Test Section Conditions; Model Axis Systems and Attitu
35、de; Dimensional References; and Pressures, Forces, Moments, and their Coefficients. 1.3 Naming Convention The parameter names consist of a base name and a four-character suffix, which provides information about the parameter. The base name is a commonly used, and thus recognizable, name for the spec
36、ific parameter. The suffix begins with an underscore character to set it apart from the base name. The remaining three characters begin with an S to identify and associate the parameter with this AIAA Wind Tunnel Nomenclature standard. An X in this position instead of an S indicates that a change wa
37、s made to the parameter requiring the user to seek further guidance. The next character in the suffix defines the parameter group. For example, all parameters describing the empty test section flow field have an F in this position. The last character of the parameter name defines the system of units
38、. I indicates that the SI convention is used, E indicates that English units are presented, and C indicates that the parameter is non-dimensional. AIAA G-129-2012 2 AIAA G-xxx 2008The previous statements result in the formulation of the following suffix for all standard parameters: _Sxy Where: _S id
39、entifies the nomenclature as part of this recommended standard x is the group descriptor A Angles C Coordinate systems F Flow field (empty test section at model location) G Geometry - lengths, areas, and weight L Loads - forces, moments and their coefficients P Pressures and their coefficients y is
40、the units descriptor I SI units E English units C Common to English and SI units For example, the extension _SFE would be attached to all tunnel flow condition parameters using English units. Therefore, the nomenclature name for the freestream dynamic pressure (q) in English units is Q_SFE. 1.4 Bala
41、nce or Parameter Number Some parameters are associated with the balances that are used during a wind tunnel test. These parameters have an n following the base name representing the balance number. For example, on a test with two balances, THETABALn_SAC would have the names THETABAL1_SAC and THETABA
42、L2_SAC representing the balance pitch angle for balance 1 and 2, respectively. Other parameters that need additional identification are associated with pressure measurements. Pressure measurements are split into two groups, model surface pressures and other model or test- related pressures such as b
43、ase and tunnel wall pressures. The model surface pressures are identified by an array (indicated by () in the name), which can be an array of single numbers, an array of two numbers indicating row and pressure number, or any other array type. The second group of parameters have an x following the pa
44、rameter base name. An example would be PBASEx_SPE where PBASE1_SPE and PBASE2_SPE represent base pressures 1 and 2, respectively. 1.5 Corrections Calculations, equations, or other details describing tares and corrections (i.e., tunnel wall corrections and weight tares) are not provided because they
45、tend to be facility dependent. Rather, fully corrected in this document indicates that the facility has applied all corrections that they typically provide. Wall pressure coefficients are normalized by an uncorrected q; model pressure coefficients and force and moment coefficients by a corrected q,
46、which is defined by the facility. There are three defined levels of corrections described in this document; uncorrected, corrected for base and cavity pressures, and corrected for all facility specified adjustments. Parameters containing U_Sxy are uncorrected. The subscript u is used in the publicat
47、ion names. Parameters containing BC_Sxy are corrected for base/cavity pressures only. The subscript bc is used in the publication names. AIAA G-129-2012 3 AIAA G-xxx 2008Parameters not containing the above include all corrections normally provided by the facility (i.e., Q_SFE is the fully corrected
48、tunnel dynamic pressure). 1.6 Applicable Documents The following documents and standards were used as a source or guide for the development of this standard nomenclature. Document 1: AIAA-R-093-2003 Calibration of Subsonic and Transonic Wind Tunnels. Document 2: AIAA-R-091-2003 Calibration and Use o
49、f Internal Strain-Gage Balances with Application to Wind Tunnel Testing. Document 3: NOLR 1241 Compilation of Aerodynamic Nomenclature and Axes Systems. (This document has been used as a source for the development of the axis systems and angles.) Document 4: AIAA-R-004-1992 Atmospheric and Space Flight Vehicle Coordinate Systems. AIAA G-129-2012 4 AIAA G-xxx 20082 Test Section Conditions The most basic set of nomenclature are used to describe the test section operating conditions. The primary parameters ar
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