AIAA S-061-1998 Commercial Launch Safety《商用发射安全》.pdf

1、, b95534 0003220 57T U Special Copvright Notice o I999 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved. ANWAIAA SO61 -1 998 Standard Commercial Launch Safety ANSI/AIAA S-061-1998 American Nat iona I Standard Commercial Launch Safety Sponsored by American Institute of A

2、eronautics and Astronautics Approved October 5, 1999 American National Standards Institute Abstract This AIM Standard establishes criteria for the establishment of the safety roles and responsibilities and relationships between the various operators who may conduct simultaneous aerospace vehicle ope

3、rations at a launch or landing site. Risk management processes for ensuring the safety of the public, its property and the safety of the personnel involved in the preparatory and launch operations are addressed. The training and qualifications of the personnel involved in operations at the launch an

4、d landing sites are addressed. The appendices to this standard provide guidelines for the design, testing and safe operation of aerospace vehicles and their support equipment. January 1999 ANSVAIAA S-061-1998 Ame ri can National Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verificatio

5、n by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review IBSR), substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. S

6、ubstantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence doe

7、s not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstance

8、s give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat

9、or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to affirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later th

10、an five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Commercial launch safety I sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ; approved,

11、American National Standards Institute. p. cm. In cl udes bi bl iogra p h ical references and index. ISBN 1-56347-1 97-3 (softcover) ISBN 1-56347-366-6 (electronic) 1. Rockets (Aeronautics) - Launching - Safety measures - Standards - “ANSIIAIAA S-061-1998 - United States. 2. Space industrialization.

12、TL784.L3C66 1997 621.43560289 - dc21 96-47251 CI P Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 22091 Copyright O 1998 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

13、form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America II ANSVAIAA S-061-1998 Table of Contents Foreword . v 1 .O Safety Policies and Processes 1 . 1 . 2 1 .I Introduction . 1.2 Scope 1 1.3 Purpose . 1.4 Safety

14、 P 2 1.5 Application of Standard . 2 1.6 Safety Documentation 2 1.7 Compliance and Approvals . 2 2.0 Vocabulary and References 3 . 3 2.1 Definitions . 2.2 Principal R 7 2.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms . 7 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Operators Safety

15、 Responsibilites Occupational Safety and Health . Ground Safety 9 Ground Safety Operator . Individual Operator Ground Safety Responsibilities . Flight Safety . Flight Safety Operator Space Vehicle Operator Responsibili . 8 . 9 . 9 . 10 10 . 11 Relationship of Launch VehiclelAerospace Vehicle Operato

16、rs and L . 11 Safety Requirements Risk Assessment 12 Severity Classes . . 12 Mishap Probabilit 12 Mishap Risk Management Quantitative Safety Objectives . Qualitative Safety Principles Qualitative Ground Safety Principles Qualitative Flight Safety Principles . . 12 12 . 13 13 . 14 5.0 Launch Safety P

17、rocess . . 14 5.1 Safety Risk Control 14 5.3 Safety Sub 15 5.4 Noncompliance Processing . 15 5.5 Training 16 . 14 5.2 Procedures . 6.0 Accident/lncident Investigation and Reporting . 16 . III ANSVAIAA S-061-1998 Annex A Annex B Annex C Annex D Annex F General Performance Guidelines 17 Flight Safety

18、Planning Analysis Guidelines Ground Safety Guidelines Flight Vehicle Safety Guidelines General References, Military, O Annex E Quality Assurance, Testing and . 45 Tables Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Hazard Severity Categories 12 Mishap Probability Levels . 19 Example Mishap Risk Assessment Matrix . 19

19、 iv ANSVAIAA S-061-1998 Foreword This American National Standard for Commercial Launch Safety is sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) as part of its Standards Program. The idea for an AIAA standard addressing the minimum requirements for safe operation of commer

20、cial launch activities was conceived by the Space Launch Systems Committee on Standards in January 1992 under the leadership of Todd J. Mosher. The Standards Technical Council approved the project in April 1992. The leading goal of the project was that the document would be an evolving source of con

21、sensus information for the commercial launch industry and its customers. In particular, it was intended that advantage would be taken of the many other non-government standards. The momentum initiated by the “Perry memo” di- rected the Department of Defense to cease sup- port of military standards e

22、xcept for militarily critical procurement and to use non-government standards in all possible situations. The ongoing thrust of OMB Circular A-I 19 had earlier directed other Federal agencies to participate in and use non-government standards in their procurement and regulatory activities. The Offic

23、e of Commer- cial Space Transportation in the Department of Transportation sought to follow this pattern and advised AIAA that it would recommend appli- cants for launch licenses to use suitable non- government standards, if they became available. The first draft of this document was prepared by a t

24、eam of retired US Air Force officers with launch command experience. In June 1995, an AIAA public forum was held to introduce the document. Approximately sixty industry and government representatives attended this meeting and contributed comments on it and the overall project. An editing committee w

25、as formed, and a second draft was released in September 1995. A third draft was released in January 1996 followed by a fourth draft in September 1996. Based on the comments received from both government and industry a different approach is presented in this fifth draft. This draft begins to define t

26、he relationship between the various operators who may conduct simultaneous operations on a launch or landing site. Roles and responsibilities related to the safety of ground operations and flight operations are established. The training and qualifications of personnel involved in the preparatory and

27、 launch and re-entry activities are defined. The concept presented in this draft parallels that con- tained in the IS0 DIS 14620, “Space Systems - Launch Site Operations- Safety Requirements” Draft currently being circulated for international voting. The requirements that have been pre- sented in pr

28、evious drafts of the AIAA standard are now presented in annexes as guidelines for the design, testing and safe operation of aerospace vehicles and their support equipment. None of this material is intended to be manadatory, and the annexes are marked as “Informative.” A great deal of credit for the

29、concepts in this document is owed to Bobby R. Quisenberry. One of the key elements in the document now is the principal of bridging between launch activities planned for either Federal government launch sites and those owned by other organizations. Currently all commercial launches are conducted fro

30、m Air Force, Army, or NASA facilities. There is a significant experience with the evolved requirements for launch activities from these locations. However, this standard begins to recognize the need for the development of commercial, industry-based criteria to be implemented for new and evolving aer

31、ospace vehicles and their support systems. Considerations are given to the development of commercial launch sites that are not within the confines of federal launch sites; operations of US and foreign launch vehicles from non-standard launch platforms (e.g., Sea Launch); reusable launch vehicles pla

32、nned to conduct airline type operations, etc. The standard presents a sound basis for planning and implementing a safety program that will facilitate safe aerospace vehicle operations, and speed evaluation of a launch license. This standard does not presume to preempt continued adherence to DoD and

33、NASA requirements for operations at their launch sites. (e.9. EWR 127-1 its appendices define a minimum set of safety guidelines for the protection of the launch site personnel, launch site equipment and facilities and the public, public and private property and facilities external to the launch or

34、landing complex. The principal objective of this standard is to achieve safety performance for commercial aerospace vehicle operations comparable to that of other hazardous industrial operations for activities at the launch site. Risks during the pre- launch and flight phase of commercial launch ope

35、rations should be no greater than those posed by the hazards from other hazardous operations (e.g., general aviation over flight). The criteria for commercial aerospace vehicle operations should be no more restrictive than that applied to US. government launch vehicle activities at U. S. Launch Site

36、s The allocation of safety responsibilities between the launch vehicle operator, other operators, and the launch site operator shall be determined by the relevant parties and documented formally via “use agreements”, contracts, etc. 1.5 Application of Standard It is intended that the provisions of t

37、his standard could be adopted by all operators of aerospace vehicles, launch vehicles, space vehicles, pay- loads, and launch sites. It is envisioned that the commercial space industry will use it as a uniform, accepted set of guidelines which, if implemented by contract, will meet industry and stat

38、utory requirements for health and safety. Additionally, the goal of this standard is that operators of launch sites shall find these requirements adequate to ensure public safety . 1.6 Safety Documentation The safety documentation of a launch site should be structured into several levels as follows:

39、 a. Safety Regulations: Safety regulations reflect the regulatory agencies safety policy and should be based on state, federal, and interna- tional laws. Safety regulations should establish the safety liabilities, roles and responsibilities of the operators performing activities on the launch site,

40、identify all safety requirements, and de- scribe the general method for ensuring the re- quirements are followed. b. Application Documents: Application documents translate the safety rules stipulated for an operator into procedures, safety instruc- tions, operation plans, and emergency plans, and sh

41、ould make it possible for the safety organiza- tion to guarantee that the safety requirements are followed and applied. These documents should complete and set out in detail the safety require- ments associated with hazardous operations for ensuring the latter are carried out safely. 1.7 Compliance

42、and Approvals This standard addresses minim um requirements for ensuring the safety of launch operations. The operators of the launch site, ground support equipment, launch vehicles, payloads, and, if required, flight safety systems shall meet the requirements of this standard, if the standard is mu

43、tually accepted by all parties as stating the minimum requirements for launch operations. 2 ANSVAIAA S-061-1998 This standard recognizes that local, state and federal regulations are applicable to the conduct of launch operations and the operation of a launch and/or landing site. The launch operator

44、 shall provide analysis and test data to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this standard. Industry accepted specifications and standards should be used, but this standard does not dictate how these requirements will be met. Analyses performed in accordance with other federal or state r

45、egulatory requirements may be used when they meet the intent of this standard, e.g., CFR 29, OSHA Standard 191 0.1 19, Process Safety Management for Highly Hazardous Chemicals. In the absence of accepted commercial or industry developed standards and specifications, government military standards and

46、 military specifications may be used on an interim basis. Appendix F pro- vides a list of general references including appli- cable government standards and specifications. Approval to conduct launch site operations shall be granted only after the cognizant launch site safety operators have reviewed

47、 and approved the planned launch site operational planning and procedures. It is understood that FAAIAST will issue licenses for either launch or launch site operations only after the requirements of 14 CFR Chapter III- Office of Commercial Space Transportation, Department of Transportation, Parts 4

48、00 through 499 are met. 2.0 Vocabulary and References 2.1 Definitions Accident: An unplanned event occurring during commercial space launch activities resulting in: (1) Known impact of a commercial launch vehicle, its payload or any component thereof outside the impact limit lines designated by the

49、launch range facility; or (2) A fatality or serious injury (as defined in 49 CFR 830.2) to any person who is not associ- ated with commercial space launch activities and who is not located on the launch range facility; or (3) Any damage estimated to exceed $25,000 to property that is not associated with commercial space launch activities and that is not located on the launch facility. Aerospace Vehicle: An object intended for launch or returned from outer space, one that is launched, assembled in or returned from outer space, including systems and components of an aerospace tr