1、 StandardAIAA S-080-1998 AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA standard fo
2、r temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or
3、 otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. Space Systems Metallic Pressure Vessels, Pressurized Structures, and Pressure Components ii AIAA S-080-1998 Space Systems - Metallic Pressure Vessels, Pressurized Structures, a
4、nd Pressure Components Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Abstract This Standard provides requirements for the analysis, design, manufacture, qualification, and acceptance for flight of metallic pressure vessels, pressurized structures, and pressure components for use in
5、 space systems. The document includes specific requirements addressing pressure vessels with hazardous and non-hazardous failure modes and special pressurized equipment such as batteries, heat pipes, cryostats, and pressure components. AIAA S-080-1998 iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatio
6、n Space systems-metallic pressure vessels, pressurized structures, and pressure components. p. cm. “ANSI/AIAA S-080-1998” “American national standard.” Includes bibliographical references ISBN 1-56347-198-1 (softcover) ISBN 1-56347-365-8 (electronic) 1. Space vehiclesDesign and constructionStandards
7、United States. 2. Pressure vesselsDesign and constructionStandardsUnited States. I. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. TL795.S62 1999 629.472021873 21dc21 99-041144 CIP Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 22091 Copyri
8、ght 1998 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America AIAA S-080-1998 iv Con
9、tents Foreword . iv 1. Scope . 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Application 1 2. Reference Documents . 1 3. Vocabulary . 1 4. General Requirements . 4 4.1 System Analysis Requirements 4 4.2 General Design Requirements . 4 4.3 Materials Requirements . 7 4.4 LBB Demonstration Requirements . 9 4.5 Fabrication and P
10、rocess Control 9 4.6 Quality Assurance 9 4.7 Operations and Maintenance . 10 5. Specific Requirements . 11 5.1 Pressure Vessels . 12 5.2 Pressurized Structures . 17 5.3 Special Pressurized Equipment . 18 5.4 Pressure Components . 21 Table 1. Qualification Pressure Test Requirements . 14 Table 2. Pre
11、ssure Components Safety Factors 21 Figure 1. Pressure Vessel Design Verification Approach . 15 AIAA S-080-1998 v Foreword This document was prepared following a draft military standard, Mil-Std-1522B (USAF), dated 14 July 1995, entitled “Requirements for Design and Operation of Pressurized Missile a
12、nd Space Systems,” developed by The Aerospace Corpora-tion, El Segundo, California, under USAF contract F04701-88-C-0089. J.B. Chang was the principal investigator of this development effort. This contract was administered by the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center (AF/SMC), Los Angeles, Cali
13、fornia. Dr. L. C-P Huang was the Air Force Project Manager. That military standard was never released officially. This American National Standard is intended to replace the current military standard. Under the sponsorship of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters, technica
14、l staff from Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, California, also participated in the development of Mil-Std-1522B. Dr. M.C. Lou was the team leader. The AIAA Aerospace Pressure Vessel Standard Working Group operates within the AIAA Struc-tures Committee on Standards. It was formed in March 1
15、996 with an emphasis on inclusion of aerospace prime companies, pressurized system suppliers, and all interested government agen-cies. Deliberations focused heavily on adapting the standard to address commercial procurement of aerospace pressurized systems. One of the goals of the project was to pro
16、vide a performance standard which could be used by commercial launch operators in seeking licenses from the US Department of Transportation. Another goal was to assist the US Department of Defense in its transition to procuring aerospace hardware on a commercial basis to the maximum extent possible.
17、 The AIAA Standards Procedures provide that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides are advisory only. Their use by any-one engaged in industry or trade is entirely volun-tary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or be g
18、uided by any standards re-port. In formulating, revising, and approving stan-dards publications, the Committees on Standards will not consider patents which may apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the publica-tions are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infring
19、ement of patents or copyrights, or both. At the time of approval of this Standard, the AIAA Aerospace Pressure Vessel Standards Working Group included the following members: Harold Beeson (NASA White Sands Test Facility) Robert Breaux (Kaiser Compositek) James Chang (Aerospace Corporation) Ralph Ebe
20、rhardt (Lockheed Martin Astronautics) Robert Edman (Keystone Engineering) Wayne Frazier (NASA Headquarters) Cornelius Murray (Lincoln Composites) Arne Graffer (TRW, Inc.) Michael Hersh (Pressure Systems, Inc.) Reid Hopkins (Structural Composites, Inc.) Louis Huang (US Air Force Space to uncover unex
21、pected system response characteristics; to evaluate design changes; to determine interface compatibility; to prove qualification and acceptance procedures and techniques; or to establish accept/reject criteria for nondestructive inspection (NDI); or any other purpose necessary to establish the valid
22、ity of the design and manufacturing processes. Ductile Fracture: A type of failure mode in structural materials generally preceded by a large amount of plastic deformation and in which the fracture surface is inclined to the direction of the applied stress. Fatigue: The process of progressive locali
23、zed permanent structural change occurring in a material subjected to conditions which produce fluctuating stresses and strains at some point or points and which may culminate in cracks or complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. Fatigue Life: The number of cycles of applied exter
24、nal load and/or pressurization that the unflawed pressurized hardware can sustain before failure of a specified nature could occur. Fittings: Pressure components of a pressurized system utilized to connect lines, other pressure components and/or pressure vessels within the system. Flaw: A local disc
25、ontinuity in a structural material, such as a scratch, notch, crack or void. Flaw Shape (a/2c or a/c): The shape of a surface flaw, or a corner flaw, where “a“ is the depth and “2c“ or “c” is the length of the flaw. Fracture Control: The application of design philosophy, analysis method, manufacturi
26、ng technology, quality assurance, and operating procedures to prevent premature structural failure due to the propagation of cracks or crack-like defects during fabrication, testing, transportation and handling, and service. Fracture Mechanics: An engineering discipline which describes the behavior
27、of cracks or crack-like defects in materials under stress. Fracture Toughness: A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. Hazard: An existing or potential condition that can result in an accident. Hydrogen Embrittlement: A mechanical-environmental failure process that results
28、 from the initial presence or absorption of excessive amounts of hydrogen in metals, usually in combination with residual or applied tensile stresses. Initial Flaw: A flaw or a crack-like defect in a structural material before the application of load AIAA S-080-1998 3 and/or deleterious environment.
29、 Leak-Before-Burst (LBB): A design concept in which potentially critical flaws will grow through the wall of the pressurized hardware and cause pressure relieving leakage rather than burst (catastrophic failure) at MEOP. Limit Load: The maximum expected external load or combination of loads, which a
30、 structure may experience during the performance of specified missions in specified environments. When a statistical estimate is applicable, the limit load is that load not expected to be exceeded at 99% probability with 90% confidence. Lines: Tubular pressure components of a pressurized system prov
31、ided as a means for transferring fluids between components of the system. Flex hoses are included. Loading Spectrum: A representation of the cumulative loading anticipated for the structure under all expected operating environments. Significant transportation and handling loads are included. Margin
32、of Safety (MS): MS = (Allowable Load/ Limit Load x DSF) - 1 Note: Load may mean stress or strain. Maximum Expected Operating Pressure (MEOP): The maximum pressure which the pressurized hardware is expected to experience during its service life, in association with its applicable operating environmen
33、ts. Pressure Vessel: A container designed primarily for the storage of pressurized fluids and which (1) contains stored energy of 14,240 foot-pounds (19,130 joules) or greater, based on adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas, (2) contains gas or liquid which will create a mishap (accident) if released
34、, or (3) will experience a MEOP greater than 100 psia (700 kPa). Special pressurized equipment such as batteries, heat pipes, cryostats and sealed containers are not included. Pressure Component: A component in a pressurized system, other than a pressure vessel, pressurized structure, or special pre
35、ssurized equipment that is designed largely by the internal pressure. Examples are lines, fittings, gauges, valves, bellows, and hoses. Pressurized Hardware: Those hardware items which contain primarily internal pressure. Included are pressure vessels, pressurized structures, special pressurized equ
36、ipment and pressure components. Pressurized Structures: Structures designed to carry both internal pressure and vehicle structural loads. The main propellant tank of a launch vehicle is a typical example. Pressurized System: A system which consists of pressure vessels, or pressurized structures, or
37、both, and other pressure components such as lines, fittings, valves, and bellows that are exposed to and structurally designed largely by the acting pressure. Not included are electrical or other control devices required for system operation. A pressurized system is often called a pressure system. P
38、roof Factor: A multiplying factor applied to the limit load or MEOP to obtain proof load or proof pressure for use in the acceptance testing. Proof Pressure: The proof pressure is used to give evidence of satisfactory workmanship and material quality and/or establish maximum initial flaw sizes for s
39、afelife demonstration. It is equal to the product of MEOP and a proof factor. Qualification Tests: The required formal contractual tests used to demonstrate that the design, manufacturing, and assembly have resulted in hardware designs conforming to specification requirements. Residual Strength: The
40、 maximum value of load (stress) that a cracked or damaged hardware is capable of sustaining. Residual Stress: The stress which remains in a structure after processing, fabrication, assembly, testing, or operation. A typical example is the welding induced residual stress. Safe-Life: The required cycl
41、es and period during which a structure, containing the largest undetected crack, is shown by analysis or testing not to fail in the expected service load and environment. Service Life: The period of time (or cycles) starts with the manufacturing of the pressure vessel or the pressurized structure, a
42、nd continues AIAA S-080-1998 4 through all acceptance testing, handling, storage, transportation, launch operations, orbital operations, refurbishment, retesting, reentry or recovery from orbit, and reuse that may be required or specified for the item. Special Pressurized Equipment: A piece of equip
43、ment that meets the pressure vessel definition, but which is not feasible or cost effective to comply with the requirements applicable to pressure vessels. Included are : batteries, heat pipes, cryostats and sealed containers. Stress-Corrosion Cracking: A mechanical-environmental induced failure pro
44、cess in which sustained tensile stress and chemical attack combine to initiate and propagate a crack or a cracklike flaw in a metal part. Stress Intensity Factor (K): A parameter that characterizes the stress-strain behavior at the tip of a crack contained in a linear elastic, homogeneous, and isotr
45、opic body. Ultimate Load: The product of the limit load and the ultimate design safety factor. It is the load which the structure must withstand without rupture or collapse in the expected operating environments. 4. General Requirements This section presents general requirements for all the metallic
46、 pressurized hardware. Included are requirements for system analysis, structural design, material selection, safe-life, fabrication and process control, quality assurance, and operation and maintenance. 4.1 System Analysis Requirements A thorough analysis of the pressurized system in which the press
47、urized hardware will be operating shall be performed to establish the correct MEOP. The effect of each of the other component operating parameters on the MEOP shall be determined; failure tolerance requirements shall be considered; pressure regulator lock-up characteristics, valve actuation and wate
48、r hammer, and any external loads shall be evaluated for the entire service life of the hardware. Pressure vessels designed, fabricated, inspected and tested in accordance with the American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2, shall
49、 comply with system analysis requirements. 4.2 General Design Requirements 4.2.1 Loads, Pressures, and Environments The anticipated load-pressure-temperature history and associated environments throughout the service life shall be determined in accordance with specified mission requirements. As a minimum, the following factors and their statistical variations shall be considered as appropriate: a. The environmentally induced loads and pressures; b. The environments acting simultaneously with these loads and pressures with their proper relationships; and c. The frequenc
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