1、AIIM 1996 Addendum ANSIIAIIM MS37-1988 Purpose Recommended Practice for Microphotography of Cartographic Materials Approved as an addendum to an American National Standard: July 16,1996 The purpose of this addendum is to provide updated information for ANSI/MIM MS37-1988, Recommended Practice for Mi
2、crophotography of Cartographic Materials. Clauses that include changes are the Foreword (Clause O), References (Clause 2), Definitions (Clause 3). and Figures A4 and AS. Please note that although no new defmitions have been added to Definitions (Clause 3), the introductory paragraph has been modifie
3、d. Refer to ANSVAHM MS37- 1988 for information not updated in this addendum. Foreword - new Standards Board Suggestions for improvement of this Standard Recommended Practice are welcome. They should be sent to the Chair of the AIIM Standards Board, Association for Information and Image Management, 1
4、 100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1 100, Silver Spring, MD 20910-5603. The AIIM Standards Board had the following members at the time it approved this addendum: Name of ReDresentative Omnization Reiresented Judy Kilpaick, Chair Association for Information and Image Management Jewel M. Drass Bell and Howell J
5、ohn C. Gale Information Workstation Group Bruce A. Holroyd Eastman Kodak Company Roy M. Pierce Xerox Corporation Charles A. Plesums The Continuum Company, Inc. Fernando Podio National Institute of Standards 1982. American Library Association, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611. Conservati
6、on of Photographs. Kodak Publication F-40, Cat. No. 193-5725, Rochester, Ny: Eastman Kodak Company; 1985. 3 AIIM MS3 88 = LOL23V8 O000299 9 Cruse, Larry. Microcartography: Applications for Archives .and Libraries. Santa Cruz, California: Western Associa- tion of Map Libraries; 1982. Western Associat
7、ion of Map Libraries, University of California Library, Santa Cruz, California 95064. Drago, EJ., E.M. Granger, and R.C. Hicks. Procedures of Making Color Fiche Transparencies of Maps, Charts and Documents. Journal of Imaging Technology ll(1): 12-17, February 1985. The Society for Imaging Technology
8、 and Science and Technology, 7003 Kilworth Lane, Springfield, Virginia 22151. Eastman Professional Motion Picture Films. Kodak Publication H-1, Cat. No. 155-2280. Rochester, W. Eastman Kodak Company; 1982. Hodur, Ted, A Unique Color Micrographics Service. Jour- nal of Information and Image Managemen
9、t, 18 (2/3): 24-25, 62, Feb/Mar 1985. Association for Information and Image Management, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910. Hodur, Ted. Advances in the Color Microfilming of Documents. Journal of Information and Image Manage- ment, 18 (12): 30-38,44a-45, December 1985. Asso
10、ciation for Information and Image Management, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910. Hodur, Ted, Color-Color-Color, The Micrographic Poten- tial. Geography and Map Division Bulletin No. 142, New York: Special Libraries Association; 1985; Special Libraries Association, 235 Park
11、 Avenue, S., New York, New York 10003. Storage and Care of Kodak Color Materials. Kodak Pamphlet No. F-30. Rochester, Ny: Eastman Kodak Com- pany; 1982. Thomas, Woodlief, Jr. (Ed.). SPSE Handbook of Photo- graphic Science and Engineering. New York John Wiley this invariably drops off at in- creasing
12、 spatial frequencies due to diffraction and aberra- tions in the lens, and diffusion in an emulsion. Photomechanical filter. Filters of excellent optical quality (power and wedging), and uniform thickness. Secondary color. In a refractive optical system, an aberra- tion that remains after a primary
13、color is corrected. This is also referred to as secondary chromatic aberration. Spectrum. Radiant energy in an orderly arrangement ac- cording to its wavelength or frequency. The practical limits of the radiant-energy spectrum extend over a range of wavelengths varying from a few femtometers (10-15)
14、 to 1.6 meters x lo8 meters. The frequencies, visible to human eye, register as hues of red, orange, yeiiow, green, blue, and violet, The corresponding wavelengths of the visible spec- trum range from 380 nanometers to 760 nanometers meter). Often referred to as light, the visible spectrum is normal
15、ly considered to include wavelengths between 400 nanometers and 700 nanometers. Subtractive color mixture. Using filters to remove (subtract) selected portions of colors in pairs from white light and allowing the remaining portion to come through, three colors (yellow, magenta, and cyan) are formed.
16、 The three colors, in the form of light, produced by mixtures of the subtractive primaries, in pairs, are red (magenta-yellow), green (cyan-yellow), and blue (cyan-magenta). In general terms, a subtractive color mixture subtracts portions of white light to produce responses from bright to dark. Subt
17、ractive printing. In color printing, subtractive print- ing is the exposure by a single white light, or near white light, source illuminant whose color and intensity is con- trolled by simultaneously filtering the red, green, and blue parts of the color spectrum. Ultraviolet-absorbing filter. A filt
18、er designed to absorb ultraviolet (200 nm-400 nm) and some blue radiations from light sources such as xenon-arc, zirconium-arc, cored carbon-arc, fluorescent, pulsed xenon, and electronic flash. 4. General Film Requirements 4.1 Film Materials 4.1.1 Black-and-white Film. AU 16 mm, 35 mm, and 105 mm b
19、lack-and-white, silver-gelatin unexposed, unperf- orated microfilm shall comply with ANSI IT9.1-1988 and the applicable dimensions appearing in ANSI PH1.51-1983. The recording of color-content source documents may be accomplished using color or black-and-white films. If black-and-white films are the
20、 recording medium, filters may be used to print color separated images onto the color distribution media. 4.1.2 Color Film. Color microforms include negative- to-positive, positive-to-positive, and camera original direct 5 AIIM MS37 88 = LO12348 000030L 3 positive, and reversal processes, including
21、positive-to-inter- mediate and internegatve-to-positive printing processes. Color microform processes are not limited to the use of color film materials, Continous-tone and higher-contrast black-and-white film materials can be used as the record- ing medium, depending upon the contrast relationship
22、of the details in the source document, being recorded to create color separated masters (one image for each color recorded) provided filters, supplemental films, or gelatin-type materials are used to achieve color images onto subsequent genera- tions of color film, maintaining the quality of the col
23、or reproduction for colorimetry, contrast, and suitable overaii color balance. (See Appendix A, Al). 4.1.3 Film types ppe I Black-and-white microfilm negative Type II Color negative and reversal films me III Directive positive color films Type IV Black-and-white high-contrast duplicating Type V Colo
24、r positive (print duplicating) me VI Color negative-to-positive print (duplicating) Type YI1 Black-and-whie continuous-tone negative 4.1.4 Film Resolution Specifications. Film resolution specifications shall be determined by the manufacturer in accordance with ANWISO 6328-1982. Resolution of the rec
25、orded images is less since it is a function of a total system (see Appendix A, A6). 4J.5 Physical Defects. The microfilm shall be free from any defect of a physical nature that will impair the end use of the product. 4.1.6 Film Base. All films shall be optically homo- geneous on a flexible transpare
26、nt or translucent medium of uniform thickness. If strength and dimensional stability are of concern, polyester-based films should be considered. 5. Quality 5.1 Line and Character Imagem. The properties of each h- age recorded shall be such that every line and character of the document to be photogra
27、phed is recorded with suffi- cient definition to be legible and reproducible up to and including the distribution copy (see Appendix A, A6 and Figure A7). 5.2 Defects. The film shali be free of newton rings, scratch- es, figer marks, processing streaks, drying marks, visible secondary color aberrati
28、ons, and any other defect which would impair the use of a reproduction from the film, its legibility, or image characteristics when used in a suitable microfilm or microfiche reader (for more information on newton rings, see Appendix A, A7). 5.3 Color Balance. Proper color balance and density can be
29、 obtained by consulting individual fi manufacturers for characteristic reference curves regarding color microform master or print stock for certified diffuse densitometer values. (See ANSI/ISO 5/2-1985 and Appendix A, All.) Use a diffuse transmission densitometer conforming to ANSI/ISO 5/2-1985, cal
30、ibrated with a step tablet with spec- tral conditions conforming to ANSI/ISO 5/3-1984 to read calibrated photographic step tablets or wedges in specified density increments plus or minus 0.02. (See also Appendix A, A3.) For transmission or reflection copy, the recorded image of the step tablets used
31、 shall occupy enough surface on the microform to be compatible with the measurement area requirement of the diffuse densitometer aperture. This information assumes consistent chemical process control and film emulsion sensitivity characteristics. The calibrated step tablets need not be photographed
32、with the source material. This should be done at the discretion of the user/contrac- ting office/agency, inasmuch as the spectral response to dyes and pigments used in the source material may vary from those of the recording film type and the photographic step tablets. (See also Appendix A, A.) If f
33、ilmed in the image area, the step tablets shall not obscure any detail or segment of the drawing, 5.4 Exposure. Where a camera or printer has a variable shutter/exposure speed control, the exposure times shall re- main within the range defined by the film manufacturer. 5.5 Voltage Stabilization. Exp
34、osure equipment shall be equipped with voltage stabilization units of the proper capacity and size for each exposure device. 5,6 Physical Characteristics 5.6.1 Curl. All microfilm shali be free of excessive curl. 5.6.2 Coating. If a protective coat is applied to the film, it shall not impair the den
35、sity, nor the resolution, nor the long-term keeping properties. (See also Appendix A, A9.) 5.6.3 Durability. Durability /longevity of microfilm shali be determined in accordance with the intended use of the exposed and processed material. (See also Appendix A, A2.1 5.6.4 Right reading. Microimages o
36、n first and all odd generation film shall be right reading through the base WB) side of the film material. (See example of right reading in Appendix A, Figure Al.) Microimages on second or even generation (duplicate) film shall be right reading on the emulsion (RROE) (light- sensitive) side of the f
37、ilm material. (See example of right reading in Appendix A, Figure Al.) 5.7 Residual Thiosulfate. Film types I, IV, and VI1 shali be tested in accordance with ANSI PH4.8-1985. 5.8 Legibility and Resolution. (See Appendix A, A6, and Alo.) Defined to mean custodian, librarian, collector, curator, conse
38、rvator, or requestor of the service. Throughout the document, the word “user” has been substituted. 6 AIIM MS37 88 1012348 0000302 5 5.8.1 Film Types I and IV. The resolving power of the microphotographic system, to ensure legibility of the micro- image, shall be determined in accordance with the qu
39、ality index method as outlined and illustrated in ANSI/AIIM MS23-1983. If no additional generations are anticipated, the minimum acceptable Q/I level shall be 3.6. 5.8.2 Film mes II, HI, V, VI, and W. Because of the limitations of film resolution, the adverse effects of ex- posure density changes, e
40、tc., the user shall subjectively assess the worst-case legible features in the source document. This is necessary to reproduce and assign an individual legibility criterion as a factor of reduction. (See also Appendix A, A6.) 5.8.3 Limitations. The quality index method as outlin- ed and illustrated
41、in ANSI/AIIM MS23-1983 does not take into consideration differences in the quality of the original documents. The method applies primarily to high-quality printed documents; however, no distinction is made between high-quality black printing and low-quality light printing or between different typefa
42、ces, such as bold and italic type, or differences in document light reflection. Cartographic materials can contain small, almost unidentifiable hes, symbols, and characters, small typefaces, and nearly indis- tinguishable color hues and density variations. Cartographic information to be microfilmed,
43、 either in black-and-white, continuous-tone, or color may necessitate the use of lower reduction ratios, The dyes or pigments used in the source document may change the exposing color temperature and spectral distribution of the irradiant, and therefore, may not be congruent with the spectral sensit
44、ivity of the dyes used in the color recording or duplicating film. (See also Appen- dix A, Al.) By endeavoring to maintain the objectives of the consistency principle, the user shall endeavor to produce the best color mixture/color balance and density for the source document being microfilmed, as op
45、posed to those of a photographic step tablet or any other target used within the same scene. (See also Appendix A, Al.) The adverse influence of various color print film densities (created by adjusting print density obtained from normally exposed and processed negatives) upon the resolution of NBS 1
46、010A or equivalent target images when recorded in the same image area with the original source document can be evaluated as described in Appendix A, Figure A7, Tables 1 and 2. 6. Targets 6.1 Scale Reference. Scaling of micrographic image print outs (enlargements) is not recommended due to optical di
47、stortion characteristics, variations that result from proces- sing as well as variable tolerances in the manufacture of equipment. However, at the discretion of the user, a ruled scale of plastic, paper, or other suitable material with suf- ficient contrast may be included within the frame to permit
48、 reduction and enlargement test measurements. When plac- ed in the image area, the scale shall not obscure any detail or segment of the drawing. (See also Appendix A, A8,) 6.2 Gray Scales. At the discretion of the user, a caiibrated gray scale may be included adjacent to each image area to facilitat
49、e recording of tonal variations when recording onto black-and-white film types. The gray scale shall not obscure any detail or segment of the drawing. (See also Appendix A, A3.) 6.2.1 Use With Color Films. When recording onto color film types, the color reproduction and image quality of the finished microform shal be balanced for the best density, contmt, and color reproduction of the source docu- ment recorded as opposed to the step tablet (see Appendix A, Al). 63 Color Caiibmtion Chart. When color or continous-tone documents are microfilmed, a standard color calibration chart may be
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