AIIM TR13-1998 Preservation of Microforms in an Active Environment - Guideline《环境下的缩微保存-指南》.pdf

1、STDgAIIM TRL3-ENGL 3998 W 3032348 0503755 22L E 1100 Wayne Avenue i ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATIOW Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Morylond 20910 AllM MANAGEMENT 301-587-8202 INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT Association for Information their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved t

2、he standards or not. from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or proce- dures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. M

3、oreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Re- quests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this sta

4、ndard. CAUTION NOTICE; This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive

5、current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by Association for Information and Image Management International 11 O0 Wayne Avenue, Suite 11 O0 Silver Spring, MD 2091 0.5603 Copyright 6 1998 by Association for Information and Image Ma

6、nagement International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-89258-342-8 COPYRIGHT Association for Information i

7、t can occur in air washers containing decomposed biological slime. Since ordinary rubber bands may contain residual sulphur (which can contribute to the formation of blemishes on silver film), they should not be used around rolls of film. While rubber bands that are guaranteed to be sulphur free mig

8、ht be allowable for everyday use, they should never be used for long-term storage. Even chemically acceptable rubber bands can crease and distort film. (Pres- ervation Microfilming.) Paper bands that conform to the specifications outlined in ANSI IT9.2 should be used instead. r 10.2.2 Hydrogen chlor

9、ide (HCI) ANSVAIIM TR13-1998 no commercial vesicular films are currently made on this base material. However, it did have a very corrosive effect on the film enclosure mate- rials, particularly on the metal film cans and stor- age cabinets. (ANSIINAPM lT9.12.) Where the film was stored in cardboard

10、boxes, the hydrogen chloride caused the cardboard to disintegrate. These films should not be stored in the same cabinet or room with silver film. They should be kept separately in plastic containers made of polyethylene, cellulose acetate, or polyethylene terephthalate, rather than in cardboard or m

11、etal containers. The three plastics noted above, when uncoated and unplasticized, are considered to be safe. Small, soft, often arrowshaped plastic tabs (8 cm x 1.3cm; nominal 3 in x 1/2 in) were formerly available for use in holding the free end of a roll of microfilm in place. The tab was peeled o

12、ff the film when the film was to be used and was re- placed before the film was returned to storage. Infrared spectroscopy has shown that some of these tabs are made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plasticized with Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The plasticizers, which are used to stabilize the PVC to pr

13、even! the release of corrosive hydrogen chlo- ride gas (HCJ), migrate to and concentrate on the surface of the PVC where they damage anything they touch (such as microfilm). Eventually the plasticizers, or “stabilizers,“ are consumed, and the PVC, no longer stabilized, releases HCI as it continues t

14、o degrade. Obviously none of this is good for microfilm, so plastic tabs should not be ud. Any phthalate plasticized PVC product is unsuitable for use with a microfilm collection. One can easily perform the Beilstein Test, to check for chlorine. In the flame from a Bunsen burner or propane torch, he

15、at a copper wire until it is red hot. Then burn a small sample of the plas- tic to be tested so that the fumes from the burning plastic pass over the copper wire. If PVC and other chlorinated polymers are present in the plasic, the flame will be bright green. 10.2.3 Peroxides Oxidizing gases, such a

16、s peroxides, are believed responsible for the local oxidation of image silver in fine-grain film, which causes formation of min- ute dewsits as colored colloidal silver. These red leased hydrogen chloride during storage. This behavior has not had any known detrimental ef- fect on the aability of the

17、 film itself, Additionally, Oii-bsed paint fumes may be a source of ox- dizing contaminants, SO microfilm should be re- /- 11 COPYRIGHT Association for Information however, these films are more resistant to fungus growth than gelatin film. If necessary, these films can be cleaned Water-damaged micro

18、film should be put directly into plastic containers filled with clean cdd water. Do not allow the film to dry; the emulsion will stick using a soft, plush or cotton pad moistened with water. Do not use solvents on diazo or vesicular films. (Ibid.) and the film will be ruined. Leave the film in the c

19、artons, and seal the cartons with plastic wrap. This will prevent the separation of the labeling information from the film if the cartons disinte- grate. Send the film (in water) to be processed. The addition of a 1 % solution of Formalin to the water will help to preserve the film for up to two wee

20、ks. Do not freeze the film. (Lundquist, p. 83.) The cartons can also be sealed in plastic garbage bags, as long as the film can be kept moist. Microfiche are less likely to be salvaged than rni- crofilm, although Stanford hac successfully freeze-dried microfiche. If a small number of fiche are conce

21、rned, they may be hung individu- ally on a line to dry. Plastic fishing line and plas- tic clips should be used to ensure that no rust from metal damages the fiche. 10.4 High humidity 10.4.1 Silver halide film When silver-gelatin films are stored for any length of time in an atmosphere having a rela

22、tive humidity above 60 percent, there is a tendency for fungus (often called “mold“ or ?nildew“) to grow on either the emulsion surface or the back of the film or on the film reel. The higher the rela- tive humidity, the greater the chance of fungus attack and the more abundant its growth. (Fun- gus

23、 spores are found in the air everywhere, and they will geminate and grow under favorable conditions,) The only real protection against fun- gus growth is to make certain that the conditions are unfavorable to its growth. If fungus growth has progressed far enough, it will cause serious and permanent

24、 damage to the film. This takes the form of distortion of the emulsion and eventually causes chemical break- down so that the gelatin becomes sticky and readily soluble in water. Water or water solutions should not be used for the removal of fungus growth because either may lead to the disintegra- t

25、ion of the image. (Sfofage and Preservation of P r Microfilms, p. 5.) High humidity adversely affects most of the bind- ers used in vesicular films that do not contain chlorine. Exposure of processed vesicular films to relative humidities greater than 90 % for sev- eral hours can produce tiny fissur

26、es in the binder layer. This is evidenced by high hate and a high minimum density (Dmin) increase that can oblit- erate the image. Although thls condition should never be encountered during normal storage, it might occur during shipment of processed film, use of film in a nownditioned area, or if th

27、e air conditioner for the storage area malfunctions. This high Dmin can generally be lowered by sub- sequent redevelopment of the film at its normal development temperature, with consequent re- covery of the image. (ANWNAPM IT9.12.) 10S Low humidlty Storage at low humidities not only inhibits fungal

28、 growth, but reduces the rate of chemical degra- dation as well. However, under conditions of low or cycling humidities, gelatin photographic layers and backing layers on polyester base sometimes develop adhesion defects such as edge peeling, flaking, or emulsion cracking. (ANSVNAPM IT9.1.) Consiste

29、nt exposure to a humidity below 15 % relative humidity will also tend to produce a temporary brittleness in gelatin emulsion films, but flexibility can be restored by conditioning the film to 30% relative humidity or higher. Film having a low moisture content is likely to develop electric charges, c

30、ausing attraction to dust parti- cles, but this difficulty may be avoided by appro- priate de-electrification during handling and printing. (ANSIbiAPM IT9.11.) 10.6 Temperature Continuous temperatures above approximately 38 OC (100 OF) may permanently reduce the pli- ability of some film bases and m

31、ay accelerate the fading of dye images and veskular images. (ANSVNAPM IT9.11.) Excessive heat, such as the hazard of fire, causes film to buckle because of shrinkage at the edges. When severe, this 13 COPYRIGHT Association for Information in such a case, sealed containers must be used. If sealed enc

32、losures are used, either the container size should be Cho- sen so that the film occupies as much of the vol- ume as possible, or if foil bags are used, excess air should be squeezed out prior to sealing. 0th- erwise the relative humidity may increase above the recommended range when the container is

33、 cooled. (ANSVNAPM IT9.11.) How serious is a “slight“ departure from the rec- ommended storage environment? This is difficult to answer, since many combinations of variables are possible. Departure from a maximum aiiow- able temperature by 2F will probably have little effect by itself. However, an i

34、ncrease in tem- perature and a simultaneous increase in the rela- tive humidity, even if relatively slight, could be fatal to film within a matter of weeks, due to fun- gus activity. (Fox, p. 218.) If possible, the temperature and relative humidity of a storage area should be monitored constantly. T

35、his can be done using a portable piece of equipment known as a hygmhemogmph (or themhygrograph). On no account should cli- mate controls be turned off except to repair the system. They should never be turned off over a weekend, for example. 12 Equipment maintenance The condition of equipment used wi

36、th microforms can be a major factor in affecting their potential longevity. Equipment that is not clean can dam- age the film; grit or dust can scratch the film. Equipment that is not functioning properly can also damage the microforms, ag., rdlers that are not properly aligned can damage roll film.

37、 Rollers should be free wheeling, all glass flats should be properly separated and aligned, and rotating glass flats should rotate freely and smoothly. All equipment should be cleaned regularly. Readers and printers in particular should be cleaned at least once a day and more often if necessary. In

38、addition to protecting the micro- forms, frequent inspection and maintenance will prolong both the life of the equipment and that of 1 16 COPYRIGHT Association for Information & Imaging ManagementLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD*AIIM TRL3-ENGL L998 W 1012348 0501780 487 111 ANSVAIIM TR13

39、-1998 r the microforms. Ensure that manufacturers rec- ommendations for cleaning and maintenance are followed rigorously. A log book (or individual rec- ords posted on the side of each machine) - where records of the dates of paper, toner, or lamp changes, as well as cleaning and repairs, can be kep

40、t - will help to ensure regular mainte- nance and will also provide useful information for the choice of future equipment. When a piece of new equipment is purchased, it is important to study the operators manual care- fully and to train staff in the use and care of the new machines. Manufacturers m

41、anuals are sometimes inadequate, and where this is the case, they should be supplemented with addi- tional instructions or diagrams. Manuals, as well as lists of common equipment problems and their solutions, should be kept where they can be read- ily consulted by staff. (Microforms in Librafies, p.

42、 34.) 17 COPYRIGHT Association for Information & Imaging ManagementLicensed by Information Handling Services/- STD-AIIM TR13-ENGL 1798 II 1012348 050L781 313 ANSUAIIM TR13-1998 Annex A (informative) Sources for referenced standards For National Standards of Canada, contact Canadian General Standards

43、 Board Sales Centre, 222 Queen Street, Suite 1400, Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1A 1G6 Telephone: 1-800-665-2472. For IS0 standards, contact your national standards organization. For ANSVAIIM standards, contact Association for Information and Image Management International Standards and Techndogy Departm

44、ent 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1 100 Silver Spring, Maryland 2091 O U.S.A. Telephone: 301 -587-8202. For ANSI standards, contact American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, N. Y. 10036 U.S.A. Telephone: 21 2-642-4900. 19 COPYRIGHT Association for Information & Imaging Managemen

45、tLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD=AIIM TRL3-ENGL 3998 1012348 0503782 25T 0 ANSUAIIM TR13-1 B98 Annex B (informative) List of signs of deterioration Film that exhibits signs of deterioration should be removed from the collection and replaced (see asps cially the note regarding vinegar od

46、or, below). Where camera master negatives are affected and original material used to create the film is no longer available, duplicate negatives should be created. If original materials included on the film can still be obtained and are in reasonable condition, refilming should be considered as an a

47、lternative to creating a poor-quality duplicate. In all instances, deteriorating film should be inspected to determine whether there are other factors (ag., density or resolution problems, missing pages or documents not accounted for in bibliographic records) that may also justify refilming. Sign: P

48、roblem : Blue color on sheet film. Acid from cellulose acetate deterioration causes antihalation dyes (colorless when film was processed) to return to their original pink or blue colors. Sign: Probiem: Brittle cardboard film storage boxes. Destruction of cardboard by hydrogen chloride gas (hydrochlo

49、ric acid) was released by deteriorating vesicular film manufactured in the 1960s. Sign: Crystalline deposits on film. Probiem: ,e Plasticizers used to make film as non-flammable as possible are oozing to the surface. Sign: Embnttlement of the film. Problem: Deterioration of cellulose acetate film base. Sign: Problems: Faded images on the film. Chemical reactions involving metallic silver. Acetate film base deterioration produces acetic acid, which fades cdor dyes in color film. Cell Ulose ni trat e film deteriorat ion. Fading of dyes in diazo film. Sign: P roM em: Gold-colored