1、BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE MANUAL 48-155SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 1 OCTOBER 2008Aerospace MedicineOCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EXPOSURE CONTROLS COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at www.e-Publishing.
2、af.mil for downloading or ordering. RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication. OPR: AFMSA/SG3PB Certified by: HQ USAF/SG3 (Maj General Loftus) Supersedes: AFOSH Std. 161-2, 26 August 1977AFOSH Std. 48-8, 1 September 1997Pages: 15 This Air Force Manual implements AFPD
3、 48-1 and establishes procedures for determination of Occupational and Environmental Health (OEH) exposure controls. Commanders require health risk assessment data coupled with exposure control recommendations to optimize operations and eliminate Occupational and Environmental Health threats or miti
4、gate them to acceptable levels. Direction set forth in Air Force Instruction 48-145, Occupational and Environmental Health Program, AFMAN 48-153, Health Risk Assessment, and AFMAN 48-154, Occupational and Environmental Health Site Assessment shall be used in conjunction with this manual to assess he
5、alth threats and determine control measures for OEH exposures. This manual does not provide specific guidance for disease control and containment. This information is located in other references including Air Force Instruction (AFI) 48-105, Surveillance, Prevention, and Control of Diseases and Condi
6、tions of Public Health or Military Significance, AFI 10-2603, Emergency Health Powers on Air Force Installations and AFI 10-2604, Disease Containment Planning Guidance. This manual applies to operations performed by Department of the AF civilian and military personnel, the Air National Guard, and th
7、e Air Force Reserve Command in both home station (garrison) and deployed settings. Major commands (MAJCOM), direct reporting units (DRU), and field operating agencies (FOA) may not waive any of these requirements, but may supplement this manual when additional or more stringent criteria are required
8、. This manual does not apply to government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) operations within the continental United States (CONUS) or United States (US) territories. These operations shall Certified Current 16 April 2010Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without l
9、icense from IHS-,-,-2 AFMAN48-155 1 OCTOBER 2008 comply with 29 CFR 1910. GOCO operations located either outside the regulatory jurisdiction of the CONUS or in US territories not covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 shall comply with this standard in response to Air Force Federa
10、l Acquisition Regulation Supplement (AFFARS) 52.223-9001. Conflicts in guidance between this manual and other AF or Federal directives will be reported through the MAJCOM Surgeon or DRU to AFMSA/SG3PB, 1400 Key Blvd, Rosslyn, VA 22209. Refer to Air Force Instruction (AFI) 91-301, Air Force Occupatio
11、nal Safety, Fire Prevention and Health (AFOSH) Program, for instructions on processing supplements and variances. Ensure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 33-363, Management of Records, and disp
12、osed of in accordance with Air Force Records Information Management System (AFRIMS) Records Disposition Schedule (RDS) located at https:/www.my.af.mil/gcss-af61a/afrims/afrims/. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) using the AF
13、IMT 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF IMT 847s from the field through the appropriate functionals chain of command. The use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Forc
14、e. SUMMARY OF CHANGES This is the initial publication of AFMAN 48-155, Occupational and Environmental Health Exposure Controls. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AFMAN48-155 1 OCTOBER 2008 3 Chapter 1 Occupational and Environmental Heal
15、th Exposure Control 1.1. Overview. 1.1.1. Effectively anticipating, identifying and assessing Occupational and Environmental Health (OEH) threats enables the identification and implementation of controls necessary to eliminate or mitigate threats from hazardous OEH exposures. When determining OEH th
16、reat control options, it is imperative to follow the OEH health risk assessment guidelines outlined in AFMANs 48-153, Health Risk Assessment and 48-154, Occupational and Environmental Health Site Assessment. Figure 1.1 outlines the Health Risk Assessment (HRA) and Health Risk Management (HRM) relati
17、onship. This manual focuses on the control portion of HRA/HRM (highlighted in Figure 1.1). 1.1.2. A health threat, as defined in AFMAN 48-153, is a potential or actual condition that can cause short or long-term injury, illness, or death to personnel. Routine and special assessments are conducted in
18、 accordance with AFI 48-145, Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Program, to identify and assess OEH threats. 1.1.3. A health risk is the combination of an identified health threat and the vulnerability of exposure route completion to the population at risk. Health risks associated with
19、chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and physical threat exposure(s) may be long-term (chronic) or short-term (acute) and may be reversible or irreversible. Identifying the extent to which individual factors contribute to an OEH threat exposure is critical in the determination of exposure con
20、trols. The primary factors that can affect the intensity of an OEH exposure are: 1.1.3.1. Threat source (e.g. hazardous material used in an industrial process, emissions from an open burn pit, etc.) 1.1.3.2. Route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, absorption, contact, whole body exposure) 1.1.3.3.
21、 Work patterns/practices 1.1.3.4. Concentration 1.1.3.5. Frequency and duration of exposure 1.2. Standards and Exposure Limits. 1.2.1. Occupational and Environmental Exposure Limits (OEEL) are established to protect personnel from OEH threat exposure(s). They apply to occupational and environmental
22、exposures for individuals and/or similar exposure groups (SEG) in a particular Area of Concern (AOC). Bioenvironmental Engineering (BE) can use OEELs to evaluate the effectiveness of established controls and make recommendations to the affected commander on the acceptability of risk from OEH hazard
23、exposures. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-4 AFMAN48-155 1 OCTOBER 2008 Figure 1.1 Health Risk Assessment and Management Relationship Health Risk Assessment 1.2.2. BE determines the OEEL using Air Force standards (AFIs, AFOSH standard
24、s, etc.) or the most appropriate exposure limit adopted from established, recognized standards including but not limited to the latest edition of Industrial Ventilation A Manual of Recommended Practice and Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), published respectively b
25、y the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH); 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards; Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) 40 CFR 141, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Technical Guide 230 (TG-230), Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed
26、 Military Personnel, published by the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM), as well as technical reports or guidance documents provided by the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM). In the absence of recognized standards, BE should contact USAFSAM/OE for guida
27、nce on exposure limits for potential OEH threats. However, the determination of an unacceptable level of exposure to a potential OEH threat and, subsequently, the need for controls will require local BE staff to work with the affected unit commander to effectively apply Operational Risk Management (
28、ORM) principles outlined in AFPD 90-9, Operational Risk Management and AFI 90-901, Operational Risk Management, as well as professional judgment. Implement Controls Review / Assess Effectiveness Health Risk Management Operational ContextEstimate Risk / Level (Evaluate Hazard) Identify Controls / Cou
29、ntermeasureThreat / Risk Analysis Develop Course of Action Determine Exposure Pathway Define Population At Risk Assess Vulnerability Identify Health Threat / Risk Locate Source Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AFMAN48-155 1 OCTOBER 200
30、8 5 Chapter 2 Occupational and Environmental Health Threat Controls 2.1 Controls. OEH controls are any one or a combination of engineering, administrative or personal protective equipment control(s) implemented to eliminate or minimize an OEH threat. OEH threat control options should be considered a
31、ccording to the following priority: 1) engineering, 2) administrative, 3) personal protective equipment (PPE) as shown in Figure 2.1. The implementation of engineering controls should always be considered first. If engineering controls are not feasible or are not completely effective in controlling
32、the OEH threat exposure, administrative controls and/or personal protective equipment (PPE) will be used. The mission or unique situations may dictate the need for adjustments to this priority in order to adequately control the health hazard and/or protect health. Figure 2.1 Priority of OEH Threat C
33、ontrol Selection Engineering Controls Administrative Controls PPE 2.1.1. Engineering Controls. 2.1.1.1. These controls (e.g. local exhaust ventilation, noise barriers, etc.) are used to isolate, enclose, reduce, attenuate or remove health threats from a SEG. Engineering controls focus on the various
34、 sources of threats and should be incorporated during initial design process. However, design changes to existing systems, elimination of processes and/or substitution of less hazardous materials may be required to ensure personnel are provided a workplace free of recognized health threats. 2.1.1.2.
35、 In some situations, engineering controls such as ventilation systems may be required to control fire or explosive hazards. These hazards may present additional risks other than the occupational or environmental health hazards, and the fire department and safety office should be consulted when these
36、 risks may be present. 2.1.2. Administrative Controls. 2.1.2.1. Administrative controls are any procedures or particular set of actions undertaken in order to significantly limit OEH threat exposure. These controls include measures to reduce exposure frequency/duration for a SEG and development of p
37、rocedures directed at controlling exposures to a health threat (e.g. wetting down a surface to reduce the release of particulate matter). Administrative controls can also include instituting restrictions or directives necessary to prevent health threat exposures (e.g. directing base housing occupant
38、s to boil water due to water contamination). Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-6 AFMAN48-155 1 OCTOBER 2008 2.1.2.2. When changing work practices or locations are not feasible or effective solutions to reducing threats, rotating work sc
39、hedules and/or exposure time limitations can be established to maintain exposures below established OEELs. However, personnel rotation shall not be used to control exposures for human carcinogens or when prohibited by a specific federal, state or Air Force standard. 2.1.3. Personal Protective Equipm
40、ent (PPE). 2.1.3.1. PPE creates a physical barrier between personnel and the OEH threat (e.g. respiratory protection, hearing protection, and protective clothing). It prevents the OEH threat from completing its exposure route. Identification of the threat, potential routes of exposure, and the effec
41、tiveness of a specific protective material in providing a barrier to the threat are the key factors in the PPE selection process. 2.1.3.2. The amount of protection provided by PPE is specific to the protective equipment and threat. For example, protective equipment materials, i.e., rubber gloves, th
42、at protect well against some hazardous substances may protect poorly, or not at all, against others. In order to provide effective protection from identified threats, ensure the protective capabilities of the PPE, in relation to the specific health threat, are considered in the selection process. 2.
43、2. Control Determination. 2.2.1. BE will determine and recommend which controls (engineering, administrative, and/or PPE) are appropriate to reduce hazardous exposures to acceptable levels. Commanders will decide whether or not to implement recommended controls based on mission requirements. The fol
44、lowing paragraphs and tables illustrate examples of control determination. Note the examples are very similar to those used in AFMAN 48-154, Occupational and Environmental Health Site Assessment. These examples were chosen deliberately to help connect this document with companion documents. 2.2.2. H
45、usky AFB (Figure 2.2) represents a typical home station setting. It illustrates Areas of Concern such as base housing, the community center, etc. Examples of potential health threat sources are identified in bold italics. SEGs, threats, potential exposure pathways and possible control options are li
46、sted in Table 2.1. 2.2.3. Camp Falcon (Figure 2.3) represents a deployed station setting. Examples of potential health threats sources are identified in bold italics. SEGs, threats, potential exposure pathways and control options are listed in Table 2.2. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction
47、or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AFMAN48-155 1 OCTOBER 2008 7 Figure 2.2 Husky AFB Site Assessment Model Table 2.1 Husky AFB Site Assessment and Control Determination Data SEG Threat (Source) Pathway Control Incinerator Workers Toxic Industrial Material(s) Combustion By-products
48、(Incinerator) Air (Inhalation) Engineering (Air Cleaning Device at Source, Local Exhaust and General Ventilation) Administrative (Rotating Shifts, Waste Segregation coupled with Burn Efficiency Optimization) PPE (Respiratory Protection) Base Housing Occupants (Off) Combustion By-products (Incinerato
49、r) Air (Inhalation) Engineering (Air Cleaning Device at Source) Administrative (Waste Segregation coupled with Burn Efficiency Optimization) Base Populace Toxic Industrial Material (Terrorist Event at Local Industry) Air (Inhalation) Administrative (Evacuation/ Shelter in Place) PPE (Respiratory Protection the lowest level of work that may require evaluation to assess exposure and associated cont
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