AIR FORCE MIL-HDBK-310-1997 GLOBAL CLIMATIC DATA FOR DEVELOPING MILITARY PRODUCTS《用于发展军事产品的全球气候数据》.pdf

1、DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEHANDBOOKGLOBAL CLIMATIC DATA FOR DEVELOPINGMILITARY PRODUCTSThis handbook is for guidance only.Do not cite this document as a requirementAMSC N/A FSA ENVRNOT MEASUREMENTSENSITIVEMIL-HDBK-31023 JUNE 1997SUPERSEDINGMIL-STD-21009 JANUARY 1987Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduc

2、tion or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310iiFOREWORD1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense.2. This handbook is for guidance only. This handbook cannot be cited as a requirement. If it is, the contractordo

3、es not have to comply.3. Beneficial comments (recomme ndations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use inimproving the document should be addressed to AFRL/VSBE, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, MA 0173 1-3010 byusing the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Pro

4、posal (DOD Form 1426) appearing at the end ofthis document or by letter.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310iiiFOREWORDMIL-HDBK-310 has been expanded to include regional climatic data in addition to the worldwide data presente

5、din previous editions. The narrative has been expanded to include: background information describing where and howthe values were obtained, data to facilitate tradeoff analyses, and a bibliography of sources from which the informationin this standard was obtained. Furthermore, guidelines for applyin

6、g the data have been changed to promotedetermination of the appropriate environments for the design and testing of each system or item under development.Noteworthy changes from MIL-STD-210B/C in content and concept are as follows:a. Climatic data in this standard are no t design or test criteria. Ra

7、ther, they are to be used to derive design andtest criteria for each item based on the response of the item to both the natural environment and to the forcing functionsinduced by the platform on or within which the item is located.b. The data are presented in terms of their frequency of occurrence d

8、uring the most severe month, as in MIL-STD-210B. However, in this revision they are no longer referred to as operational extremes, and the acceptablefrequency of occurrence must be determined by the procuring activity.c. Long-term climatic extremes presented in this revision are values that are expe

9、cted to occur at least once, for ashort duration, during 10, 30, or 60 years of exposure. These replace withstanding extremes in MIL-STD-210B/C.d. The land areas of the world are divided into 4 regional types of climate based on temperature differences.Climatic values representative of extreme con d

10、itions in each of the types are presented in the form of daily weathercycles.e. Consistent vertical profiles of temperature and density up to 80 km based on extremes at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40km have been added to the worldwide air environment.f. Separate climatic data for the naval air environment are

11、 no longer included.g. Basic background information is presented along with supplementary data to promote a better understanding ofthe data presented and to facilitate tradeoff analyses.h. Values for various climatic elements have been added or updated where appropriate.i. This document implements N

12、ATO STANAG 2895 (see paragraph 6). It should be used for all appropriateNATO-related applications.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310ivCONTENTSParagraph Page1. SCOPE . 11.1 Purpose . 11.2 Application . 11.3 Limitations . 12.

13、REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . 12.1 Gene ral . 12.2 Government Documents . 12.2.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks . 12.3 Order of precedence 13 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 13.1 Terms . 13 2 Abbreviations . 14. GENERAL INFORMATION 24 1 General . 24.2 Information 24 3 User Guidance 34.3.1 Presentation of

14、 the Data . 34 3.2 Additional Information 34.3.3 Data Application 34.3.4 Engineering Analyses and Trade- Offs 44.4 Organization and Contents . 44.5 Relationship with MIL-STD-810 44.6 Scientific Consultation 55. DETAILE D REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES 65.1 Worldwide Surface Environment 65.1.1 High Temp

15、erature 65.1.1.1 Highest Recorded 75.1.1.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 75.1.1.3 Long-term Extremes . 75.1.2 Low Temperature . 85.1.2.1 Lowest Recorded . 85.1.2.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 85.1.2.3 Long-term Extremes . 85.1.3 High Absolute Humidity 85.1.3.1 Highest Recorded 95.1.3.2 Frequency of Occurr

16、ence . 95.1.3.3 Long-term Extremes . 95.1.4 Low Absolute Humidity . 105.1.4.1 Lowest Recorded . 1 05.1.4.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 105.1.4.3 Long-term Extremes . 105.1.5 High Temperature with High Humidity 105.1.5.1 Highest Recorded 105.1.5.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 105.1.5.3 Long-term Extremes

17、. 105.1.6 High Relative Humidity wit h High Temperature 115.1.6.1 Highest Recorded 115.1.6.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 11Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310vCONTENTS ContinuedPage5.1.5.3 Long-term Extremes . 105.1.7 High Rela

18、tive Humidity with low Temperature 115.1.7.1 Highest Recorded 115.1.7.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 115.1.7.3 Long-term Extremes . 125.1.8 Low Relative Humidity with High Temperature . 125.1.8.1 Lowest Recorded . 125.1.8.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 125.1.8.3 Long-term Extremes . 125.1.9 Low Relative H

19、umidity with low Temperature . 125.1.10 Wind Speed . 125.1.10.1 Highest Recorded 135.1.10.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 135.1.10.3 Long-term Extremes . 145.1.11 Rainfall Rate 145.1.11.1 Highest Recorded . 155.1.11.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 155.1.11.3 Long- term Extremes . 165.1.12 Blowing Snow . 175

20、.1.12.1 Highest Recorded 175.1.12.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 185.1.12.3 Long-Term Extremes 185.1.13 Snowload . 185.1.13.1 Highest Recorded 195.1.13.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 195.1.13.3 Long- term Extremes . 195.1.14 Ice Accretion . 205.1.14.1 Highest Recorded 205.1.14.2 Frequency of Occurrence .

21、205.1.14.3 Long-term Extremes . 205.1.15 Hail Size 215.1.15.1 Largest Recorded 215.1.15.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 215.1.15.3 Lon g-term Extremes . 215.1.16 High Atmospheric Pressure 225.1.17 Low Atmospheric Pressure . 225.1.17.1 Lowest Recorded . 225.1.17.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 225.1.17.3 Lon

22、g-term Extremes . 225.1.18 High Atmospheric Density . 225.1.18.1 Highest R ecorded 225.1.18.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 225.1.18.3 Long-term Extremes . 225.1.19 Low Atmospheric Density 235.1.19.1 Lowest Recorded . 235.1.19.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 235.1.19.3 Long-term Extremes . 235.1.20 Ozone Co

23、ncentration . 235.1.20.1 Highest Recorded 245.1.20.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 245.1.20.3 Long-term Extremes . 24Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310viCONTENTS - Continued.Page5.1.21 Sand and Dust . 245.1.21.1 Highest Recorded

24、 245.1.21.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 255.1.21.3 Long-t erm Extremes . 255.1.22 Freeze-Thaw cycles 255.1.22.1 Highest Recorded 255.1.22.2 Frequency of Occurrence . 265.1.22.3 Long-term Extremes . 265.2 Regional Surface Environment . 265.2.1 Basic Regional Type 265.2.1.1 Basic/Hot Diurnal cycle 275.2

25、.1.2 Basic/Cold Diurnal cycle . 275.2.1.3 Basic/Constant High Humidity Diurnal cycle 275.2.1.4 Basic/Variable High Humidity Diurnal cycle . 275.2.1.5 Basic/Cold-Wet Diurnal cycle . 275.2.2 Hot Regional Type . 285.2.2.1 Hot-Dry Diurnal cycle . 285.2.2.2 Hot-Humid Diurnal cycle 285.2.3 Cold Regional T

26、ype . 285.2.3.1 Cold Diurnal cycle 285.2.4 Severe Cold Regional Type 285.2.4.1 Severe Cold Diurnal cycle . 285.2.5 Coastal/Ocean Regional Type 285.2.5.1 High Temperature . 295.2.5.1.1 Highest Recorded . 295.2.5.1.2 Frequency of Occurrence 295.2.5.1.3 Long-term Extremes 295.2.5.2 Low Temperature 295.

27、2.5.2.1 Lowest Recorded 295.2.5.2.2 Frequency of Occurrence 305.2.5.2.3 Long-term Extremes 305.2.5.3 High Absolute Humidity . 305.2.5.4 Low Absolute Humidity 305.2.5.4.1 Lowest Recorded 305.2.5.4.2 Frequency of Occurrence 305.2.5.4.3 Long-term Extremes 305.2.5.5 High Relative Humidity with High Temp

28、erature . 305.2.5.5.1 Hi ghest Recorded . 305.2.5.5.2 Frequency of Occurrence 305.2.5.5.3 Long-term Extremes 315.2.5.6 High Relative Humidity with Low Temperature - 315.2.5.7 Low Relative Humidity with High Temperature . 315.2.5.7.1 Lowest Recorded 315.2.5.7.2 Frequency of Occurrence 315.2.5.7.3 Lon

29、g-term Extremes 315.2.5.8 Low Relative Humidity with low Temperature 31Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310viiCONTENTS - ContinuedPage5.2.5.9 Wind Speed 315.2.5.10 Rainfall Rate . 315.2.5.11 Blowing Snow . 315.2.5.12 Sno w loa

30、d . 315.2.5.12.1 Highest Recorded . 315.2.5.12.2 Frequency of Occurrence 315.2.5.12.3 Long-term Extremes 315.2.5.13 Ice Accretion . 325.2.5.13.1 Highest Recorded . 325.2.5.13.2 Frequency of Occurrence 325.2.5.13.3 Long-term E xtremes 325.2.5.14 Hail Size . 325.2.5.15 High Atmospheric Pressure . 325.

31、2.5.16 Low Atmospheric Pressure 325.2.5.17 High Atmospheric Density 325.2.5.17.1 Highest Recorded . 325.2.5.17.2 Frequency of Occurrence 325.2.5.17.3 Long-te rm Extremes 325.2.5.18 Low Atmospheric Density . 325.2.5.18.1 Lowest Recorded 325.2.5.18.2 Frequency of Occurrence 325.2.5.18.3 Long-term Extr

32、emes 325.2.5.19 Ozone Concentration 325.2.5.20 Sand and Dust . 335.2.5.21 High Surface Water Temperature 335.2.5.21.1 Highest Recorded . 335.2.5.21.2 Frequency of Occurrence 335.2.5.21.3 Long-term Extremes 335.2.5.22 Low Surface Water Temperature . 335.2.5.22.1 Lowest Recorded 335.2.5.22.2 Frequency

33、 of Occurrence 335.2.5.22.3 Long-term Extremes 335.2.5.23 Salinity . 335.2.5.24 Wave Height and Spectra 335.3 Worldwide Air Environment to 80 km (262,000 ft) 335.3.1 Atmospheric Envelopes . 345.3.1.1 High Temperature . 345.3.1.1.1 Highest Recorded . 345.3.1.1.2 Frequency of Occurrence 355.3.1.2 Low

34、Temperature 365.3.1.2.1 Lowest Recorded 365.3.1.2.2 Frequency of Occurrence 365.3.1.3 High Absolute Humidity . 375.3.1.3.1 Highest Recorded . 375.3.1.3.2 Frequency of Occurrence 385.3.1.4 Low Absolute Humidity 385.3.1.4.1 Lowest Recorded 385.3.1.4.2 Frequency of Occurrence 395.3.1.5 High Relative Hu

35、midity 395.3.1.6 Low Relative Humidity . 39Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310viiiCONTENTS - Continued.Page5.3.1.7 Wind Speed 395.3.1.7.1 Highest Recorded . 395.3.1.7.2 Frequency of Occurrence 405.3.1.8 Wind Shear . 405.3.1.8

36、.1 Highest Recorded . 405.3.1.8.2 Frequency of Occurrence 415.3.1.9 Precipitation Rate 425.3.1.10 Water Concentration in Precipitation 425.3.1.11 Hail Size . 425.3.1.11.1 Largest Recorded . 425.3.1.11.2 Frequency of Occurrence 425.3.1.12 High Atmospheric Pressure . 435.3.1.12.1 Highest Recorded . 43

37、5.3.1.12.2 Frequency of Occurrence 435.3.1.13 Low Atmospheric Pressure 445.3.1.13.1 Lowest Recorded 445.3.1.13.2 Frequency of Occurrence 445.3.1.14 High Atmospheric Density 455.3.1.14.1 Highest Recorded . 455.3.1.14.2 Frequency of Occurrence 465.3.1.15 Low Atmospheric Density . 475.3.1.15.1 Lowest R

38、ecord ed 475.3.1.15.2 Frequency of Occurrence 475.3.1.16 Ozone Concentration 485.3.1.16.1 Highest Recorded . 485.3.1.16.2 Frequency of Occurrence 485.3.2 Atmospheric Profiles . 495.3.2.1 High Temperature . 505.3.2.1.1 High Temperature a t 5 km . 505.3.2.1.2 High Temperature at 10 km . 515.3.2.1.3 Hi

39、gh Temperature at 20 km . 525.3.2.1.4 High Temperature at 30 km 535.3.2.1.5 High Temperature at 40 km . 545.3.2.2 Low Temperature 555.3.2.2.1 Low Temperature at 5 km 555.3.2.2.2 Low Temperature at 10 km 565.3.2.2.3 Low Temperature at 20 km 575.3.2.2.4 Low Temperature at 30 km 585.3.2.2.5 Low Tempera

40、ture at 40 km 595.3.2.3 High Atmospheric Density 605.3.2.3.1 High Atmospheric Density at 5 km . 605.3.2.3.2 High Atmospheric Density at 10 km . 615.3.2.3.3 High Atmospheric Density at 20 km . 625.3.2.3.4 High Atmospheric Density at 30 km . 635.3.2.3.5 High Atmospheric Density at 40 km . 645.3.2.4 Lo

41、w Atmospheric Density . 655.3.2.4.1 L ow Atmospheric Density at 5 km . 655.3.2.4.2 Low Atmospheric Density at 10 km 665.3.2.4.3 Low Atmospheric Density at 20 km 67Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310ixCONTENTS - Continued.Page

42、5.3.2.4.4 Low Atmospheric Density at 30 km 685.3.2.4.5 Low Atmospheric Density at 40 km 695.3.2.5 Rainfall Rate/Water Concentration 705.3.2.5.1 Highest Recorded . 705.3.2.5.2 Frequency of Occurrence 716. NOTES 716.1 Intended use 716.2 Subject Term (Key Word) Listing 716.3 International Standardizati

43、on Agreement 716.4 Supersession 71TABLESI. Daily Cycle of Temperature and Other Elements Associated with theWorldwide Hottest 1-Percent Temperature Value (see 5.1.1.2 and 5.2.2.1) 72II. Daily Cycle of Temperature and Other Elements Associated with theWorldwide long-term Extremes of High Temperature

44、(see 5.1.1.3). . 73III. Monthly Cycle of Temperatures Associated with theWorldwide Long-term Low Temperature Extremes (see 5.1.2.3) . 74IV. Daily Cycle of Humidity, Temperature, and Other Elements Associated with the WorldwideHigh Absolute Humidity 1-Percent Value (see 5.1.3.2). This cycle also repr

45、esents theHot-Humid condition for the Hot Regional Type 75V. Monthly Regime of Daily Cycles of Humidity and Other Elements Associated with theWorldwide Long-term H igh Absolute Humidity Extreme (see 5.1.3.3) . 76VI. Daily Cycle of Relative Humidity and Temperature (Including Solar Radiation)Associat

46、ed with the Worldwide 1-Percent High Relative Humidity with High Temperature( see 5.1.6.2). This cycle also represents the variable high humidity condition for thebasic regional type (see 5.2.1.4). 77VII. Daily Cycle of Relative Humidity and Temperature Associated with the Worldwidelong-term High Re

47、lative Humidity with High Temperature Extreme (see 5.1.6.3).This cycle also represents the constant high humidity condition for the basic regional type( see 5.2.1.3). Solar radiation is negligible for this cycle. . 78VIII. Supplementary low Density Values (with Typical Temperatures)for Terrain Eleva

48、tions to 4572 m (see 5.1.19.2). 79IX. Hot Daily Cycle of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Solar Radiationfor the Basic Regional Type (see 5.2.1.1). 80Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-310xCONTENTS - Continued.TABLES PageX. Cold Daily cycle of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Solar Radiat ion for the BasicType (see 5.2.1.2). . 81X