AIR FORCE MIL-HDBK-87213 A-2005 ELECTRONICALLY OPTICALLY GENERATED AIRBORNE DISPLAYS《电子 光学空降显示器》.pdf

1、 METRIC MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) 8 February 2005 SUPERSEDING MIL-HDBK-87213 (USAF) 18 December 1996 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HANDBOOK ELECTRONICALLY / OPTICALLY GENERATED AIRBORNE DISPLAYS This handbook is for guidance only. Do not cite this document as a requirement. AMSC: N/A AREA: 15GP DISTRIBUTION ST

2、ATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) FORWARD This handbook is approved for use by the Department of the Air Force and is available for use by all Dep

3、artments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. This revision updates MIL-HDBK-87213 to incorporate new information related to flat panel matrix displays and incorporates references to VESA FPDM 2.0, along with other refinements. The original MIL-HDBK-87213 replaced an Air Force Guide Specificat

4、ion (AFGS) on displays and another on aircraft instruments. The first section (Controls and Displays Segment Requirements) of this handbook is closely related to the controls and displays requirements in the Joint Services Specification Guide on Avionics Systems. The rest of this document covers req

5、uirements applicable to the basic elements of an aircraft control and display (and instrument) subsystem. Appendix A contains historical reference material taken from the AFGS on aircraft instruments, which dealt mainly with electromechanical instruments. Although many of the issues covered there ar

6、e now the subject of symbology standards (see MIL-STD-1787), the history of how it was done on mechanical instruments (which many current pilots learned to fly with) can be very valuable. This document no longer contains the specification sections of the old guide specifications. It does include mos

7、t of the material from the old guide specification handbooks, including most of the sample specification paragraphs. This material has been updated to include new technical information and lessons learned, and to eliminate references to military specifications and standards that controlled design of

8、 equipment rather than dealing only with performance requirements. Comments, suggestions, or questions on this document should be addressed to ASC/ENOI, 2530 Loop Road West, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-7101 or emailed to Engineering.Standardswpafb.af.mil. Since contact information can change, you

9、may want to verify the currency of this address information using the ASSIST Online database at http:/assist.daps.dla.mil. ii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraph Page 1 SCOPE.1 1.1 Scope.

10、1 1.2 Use.1 1.3 Structure. .1 1.4 Deviation1 1.5 Responsible engineering office2 2 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 2 2.1 Government documents.2 2.1.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks2 2.1.2 Other Government documents, drawings, and publications3 2.2 Non-Government standards and other publications. .4 3

11、 REQUIREMENTS.6 3.1 Controls and displays segment6 3.1.1 Primary flight displays (PFD).8 3.1.2 Situation displays. .12 3.1.3 Head up or helmet mounted displays (HUD/HMD)14 3.1.4 Vehicle management subsystem (VMS) displays. 15 3.1.5 Warning, caution, and advisory (WCA) displays. 16 3.1.6 Avionic subs

12、ystem control and data entry.18 3.1.7 Video recording. 19 3.2 Characteristics of subordinate elements20 3.2.1 Performance environments. 20 3.2.1.1 Lighting color 21 3.2.1.2 Symbology 22 3.2.1.3 Display modes 31 3.2.1.4 Display resolution. 32 3.2.1.5 Image resolution. 33 3.2.1.6 Display legibility 37

13、 3.2.1.7 Display size. . 62 3.2.1.8 Display color. 63 3.2.1.9 Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) requirements. 64 3.2.1.10 Video/symbology overlay. 68 3.2.1.11 Video size. 69 3.2.1.12 Viewability during gunfire. 70 3.2.1.13 Flicker, jitter, and noise. . 70 3.2.1.14 Dimensional stability. . 72 3.2.1.

14、15 Positional stability. 73 3.2.1.16 Raster distortion and linearity. . 74 3.2.1.17 Reflections. 75 3.2.1.18 Solar effects. 76 3.2.1.19 Automatic brightness control and sensor. 76 3.2.1.20 Warm-up time. 78 3.2.1.21 Controls 79 iii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted

15、without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) Paragraph Page 3.2.1.22 Nuclear survivability. 81 3.2.1.23 Processor standards. . 82 3.2.1.24 Damage protection/overload protection. 83 3.2.1.25 Head-up display (HUD) - specific requirements. . 84 3.2.1.26 Helmet mounted display (HMD)-specific requ

16、irements. 99 3.2.2 System interface107 3.2.2.1 Electrical interface 108 3.2.2.2 Mechanical interface. . 113 3.2.2.3 Cooling interface. . 114 3.2.2.4 Display recording interface. . 115 3.2.3 Reliability.116 3.2.4 Maintainability117 3.2.4.1 Maintenance concept. 118 3.2.4.2 Scheduled maintenance. . 119

17、 3.2.4.3 Self tests. 120 3.2.4.4 Built-in tests (BIT). 121 3.2.4.5 Testability. 122 3.2.4.6 Fault reporting. . 123 3.2.5 Weight. 124 3.2.6 Volume. .125 3.3 Design and construction 126 3.3.1 Environmental integrity126 3.3.1.1 Explosive decompression. . 129 3.3.2 Safety. .130 3.3.2.1 Escape clearance.

18、 131 3.3.2.2 Acoustic noise generation 132 3.3.2.3 X-ray emissions 133 3.3.2.4 Crash safety. 133 3.3.2.5 Combining glass bird strike 134 3.3.3 Human engineering.135 3.3.3.1 Handles and grasp areas. 135 3.3.3.2 Keyboard requirements 136 4. VERIFICATIONS 6 4.1 Verification of controls and displays seg

19、ment8 4.1.1 Verification of primary flight displays. 11 4.1.2 Verification of situation displays. .13 4.1.3 Verification of HUD/HMD.14 4.1.4 Verification of vehicle management subsystem (VMS) displays. 16 4.1.5 Verification of warning, caution, and advisory (WCA) displays. 17 4.1.6 Verification of a

20、vionic subsystem control and data entry. .18 4.1.7 Verification of video recording.19 4.2 Verification of characteristics of subordinate elements20 4.2.1 Verification of performance environments.20 4.2.1.1 Verification of lighting color. . 21 4.2.1.2 Verification of symbology. 24 4.2.1.3 Verificatio

21、n of display modes. 31 4.2.1.4 Verification of display resolution. . 33 4.2.1.5 Verification of image resolution 36 4.2.1.6 Verification of display legibility. 38 4.2.1.7 Verification of display size 62 4.2.1.8 Verification of display color. . 64 iv Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or ne

22、tworking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) Paragraph Page 4.2.1.9 Verification of NVIS 66 4.2.1.10 Verification of video/symbology overlay. 68 4.2.1.11 Verification of video size. . 69 4.2.1.12 Verification of viewability during gunfire. 70 4.2.1.13 Verification of flicke

23、r, jitter and noise. 71 4.2.1.14 Verification of dimensional stability. . 72 4.2.1.15 Verification of positional stability. . 73 4.2.1.16 Verification of raster distortion and linearity. 74 4.2.1.17 Verification of reflections 75 4.2.1.18 Verification of solar effects. 76 4.2.1.19 Verification of au

24、tomatic brightness control (ABC). . 77 4.2.1.20 Verification of warm-up time. . 79 4.2.1.21 Verification of controls 80 4.2.1.22 Verification of nuclear survivability. 81 4.2.1.23 Verification of processor standards. 82 4.2.1.24 Verification of damage protection/overload protection. . 83 4.2.1.25 Ve

25、rification of HUD - specific requirements. 84 4.2.1.26 Verification of HMD specific requirements. 100 4.2.2 Verification of system interface. 107 4.2.2.1 Verification of electrical interface. 109 4.2.2.2 Verification of mechanical interface. 113 4.2.2.3 Verification of cooling interface 114 4.2.2.4

26、Verification of display recording interface. . 115 4.2.3 Verification of reliability116 4.2.4 Maintainability verification. 118 4.2.4.1 Verification of maintenance concept 119 4.2.4.2 Scheduled maintenance. . 120 4.2.4.3 Verification of self tests. . 120 4.2.4.4 Verification of built in tests. 122 4

27、.2.4.5 Verification of testability. 123 4.2.4.6 Verification of fault reporting. . 124 4.2.5 Verification of weight. 125 4.2.6 Verification of volume125 4.3 Verification of design and construction 126 4.3.1 Verification of environmental integrity. 128 4.3.1.1 Verification of explosive decompression

28、129 4.3.2 Verification of safety130 4.3.2.1 Verification of escape clearance 131 4.3.2.2 Verification of acoustic noise generation. 132 4.3.2.3 Verification of X-ray emissions. 133 4.3.2.4 Verification of crash safety. 133 4.3.2.5 Verification of combining glass bird strike 134 4.3.3 Human engineeri

29、ng verification.135 4.3.3.1 Verification of handles and grasp areas. . 135 4.3.3.2 Verification of keyboard requirements. 136 5. DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS.137 5.1 Definitions 137 5.1.1 Average luminance137 5.1.2 Built-in tests (BIT)137 5.1.3 Conformal137 5.1.4 Contrast definitions137 v Provided by IH

30、SNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) Paragraph Page 5.1.5 Diffuse reflection138 5.1.6 Display element.138 5.1.7 Fill factor138 5.1.8 Gray shade138 5.1.9 Gray level. .139 5.1.10 Line pair. 139 5.1.11 Line rate. 139 5.1.12 Lines (of

31、 resolution). 139 5.1.13 Malfunctions.139 5.1.14 Minutes and milliradians.139 5.1.15 Occlude140 5.1.16 Out-of-tolerance condition140 5.1.17 Pixel. 140 5.1.18 Self-tests. .140 5.1.19 Specular reflection. 140 5.1.20 Quantities of light. 140 5.1.20.1 Nit or Candela per square meter (cd/m2). . 140 5.1.2

32、0.2 Lumens per square meter (lm/m2). 140 5.1.20.3 Candelas (cd). 140 5.1.20.4 Lumens (lm). 141 5.2 Acronyms.141 6. NOTES141 6.1 Intended use. .141 6.2 Subject term (key word) listing.141 6.3 International Standardization Agreements.142 6.4 Changes from previous issue. .142 vi Provided by IHSNot for

33、ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) Paragraph Page APPENDIX A.1. Acceleration display.5 A.2. Attitude display.6 A.3. Attitude director indicator (ADI)10 A.4. Clock/timer.12 A.5. Engine pressure ratio system (EPR)14 A.6. Engine temperature

34、 display. 16 A.7. Flight director system (FDS). .17 A.8. Rate of fuel flow system.22 A.9. Fuel savings advisory system (FSAS). 25 A.10. Fuel quantity system26 A.11. Horizontal situation indicator (HSI). .27 A.12. Hydraulic pressure indicator and sensor31 A.13. Magnetic compass.32 A.14. Engine oil qu

35、antity indicating system.34 A.15. Oil pressure indicating system.35 A.16. Position indicating system37 A.17. Tachometer indicator system.38 A.18. Thrust computing system (TCS). .40 A.19. Turn and slip display42 A.20. Warning system. 43 FIGURES Figure 1. Combined specular and diffuse measurement setu

36、p. 45 Figure 2. Stray light zones. 61 TABLES Table I. Suggested requirements for illumination and glare source luminance. 40 Table II. Suggested contrast requirements41 vii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) THIS P

37、AGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK. viii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) ELECTRONICALLY / OPTICALLY GENERATED AIRBORNE DISPLAYS HANDBOOK 1 SCOPE 1.1 Scope. This handbook provides sample specification paragraphs, ratio

38、nale, guidance, and lessons learned that are useful in the development of the primary flight displays and mission avionics controls and displays subsystem for an aircraft. This includes Head-Up Displays (HUDs), Helmet-Mounted Displays (HMDs), and Multi-Function Displays (MFDs), used for presentation

39、 of graphics as well as display of television (TV), forward looking infrared (FLIR), and radar video, and the associated electronic display generation equipment. Rationale paragraphs explain the reason for specifying each parameter. Guidance paragraphs explain what values are normally used and why.

40、Lessons learned paragraphs serve as a historical information repository for this technical area. 1.2 Use. This handbook cannot be used as a contractual document. Sample specification paragraphs within this document should be completed using the information in the guidance and lessons learned paragra

41、phs, and may be used in a contract-peculiar item development specification, subsystem specification, or system specification. 1.3 Structure. This document is arranged to cover topics as they are normally covered in display equipment specifications. The tiered numbering scheme commonly found in gover

42、nment documents is used with one major exception, each topic is covered as a package. The rationale, guidance, and lessons learned paragraphs follow the sample specification paragraph, and the corresponding section 4 (Verification) paragraph follows immediately after the section 3 (Requirement) pack

43、age. 1.4 Deviation. This document contains no firm requirements and is not mandatory. In the event that deviation from the guidance herein results in improvement of system performance, reduced life cycle cost, or reduced development cost, or where the requirements of this specification result in com

44、promise in operational capability, the user is encouraged to deviate, with careful 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-87213A (USAF) consideration of all system tradeoffs. Such deviations should be brought to the attention of t

45、he responsible engineering office for consideration of changes to the handbook. 1.5 Responsible engineering office. The responsible engineering office (REO) for this handbook is ASC/ENAS, Bldg 560, 2530 Loop Road West, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7101. Requests for additional information or assis

46、tance on this handbook can be obtained from James C. Byrd, DSN 785-8731, commercial (937) 255-8731, or EMail: James.ByrdWPAFB.AF.MIL. Any information obtained relating to Government contracts must be obtained through contracting officers. 2 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS Documents cited herein are intended to

47、 provide supplemental technical data and guidance. Documents referenced in this handbook should be tailored before contractual use. The documents are listed here to provide guidance for developing requirements for specification sections 3 and 4 and program tasking. Section 2 of the contractual speci

48、fication should list all documents required for the program. Programs should verify status of all the documents listed and/or cited herein before applying them or referencing them in contracts. (Copies of specifications, standards, handbooks, drawings, and publications required by contractors in con

49、nection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.) 2.1 Government documents. 2.1.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks. Unless otherwise indicated, the documents specified herein are referenced solely to provide supplemental technical guidance. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SPECIFICATIONS JSSG-2010 Crew Sys