API MPMS 14.12-2017 Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 14-Natural Gas Fluid Measurement Section 12-Measurement of Gas by Vortex Meters (FIRST EDITION).pdf

1、Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 14Natural Gas Fluid MeasurementSection 12Measurement of Gas by Vortex MetersFIRST EDITION, MARCH 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal l

2、aws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or

3、assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately

4、 owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and her

5、eby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and

6、operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other p

7、ractices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to t

8、he applicable API standard.Users of this Standard should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be repr

9、oduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2017 Am

10、erican Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be

11、construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in

12、 order to conform to the specification.May: As used in a standard, “may” denotes a course of action permissible within the limits of a specification.Can: As used in a standard, “can” denotes a statement of possibility or capability.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that

13、 ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be di

14、rected in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and

15、 revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published

16、annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, Symbols, and Abbreviation

18、s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . 64 Field of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1 General Characteristics of the Vortex Flow Measurement Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.2

21、Principle of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Flowmeter Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、. . . . . . . . 95.1 Physical Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.2 Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Design and Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.1 Meter Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.2 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Operation and Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.1 Process Influences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.2 Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.3 Effect of Process Fluid Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.4 Mechanical Ch

27、aracteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.5 Performance Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.6

28、 Quantity Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Proving, Calibration, and Performance Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218.

29、1 Factory Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218.2 Field Calibration/Verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . 219 Uncertainty CalculationVortex Meter Flow Measurement Uncertainty Analysis Procedure. . . . . . . . . 2210 Auditing and Reporting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Annex A (normative) Fac

31、tory Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Annex B (informative) Proving Form for Meter Output (Numerical Example in the US Customary Units) . . . 26Annex C (informative) System Uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Annex D (informative) Special Considerations for Steam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Annex E (informative) Period Jitter and Its Effect on Calibration. .

33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Annex F (informative) Experimental Data Showing Pressure Tap Location Effect on K-factor . . . . . . . . . . . 34Figures1 Vortex Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Vortex Shedder Cross Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Example of Vortex Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 The 420mA and Pulse Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Raw Pulse Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Schematic Showing Recommended Pressure and Temperature Tap Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17vContentsPage7 Example of a K-factor Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20C.1 An Example of Calibration Data Plot of a Vortex Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29D.1 Improper Installation for Saturated Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31F.1 K vs Velocity Using Inlet Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34F.2 K vs Velocity Using Downstream Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34F.3 Error in K-factor Using Inlet Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35F.4 Error in K-factor Using Downstream Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Tables1 Symbols and Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4E.1 Time (sec), a, Needed for a Flow Rate Uncertainty of 0.25 % . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33IntroductionThis document describes the design, installation and operation of vortex shedding flowmeters for the measurement of hydrocarbon gases and steam flows.Vortex shedding is a flow phenomenon that occurs when a bluff body is placed in flowing flu

42、id and depending on the size and shape of a bluff body, under certain flowing conditions, alternating vortices are created on the downstream side of the body and detach periodically from either side of the body. The fluid flow past the object, often referred to as the vortex shedder, creates alterna

43、ting low-pressure vortices on the downstream side of the object.The vortex shedding frequency, with a few exceptions, is proportional to flow rate. Hence, by monitoring the shedding frequency and through numerical computational techniques, the fluid velocity and flow rate at the actual flowing condi

44、tions can be determined.vi1Chapter 14Natural Gas Fluid MeasurementSection 12Measurement of Gas by Vortex Meters1 ScopeThis Standard addresses the following:a) provides generic information on full-bore vortex shedding flowmeters, including glossary, and sets of engineering equations useful in specify

45、ing performance;b) describes vortex shedding flowmeters in which alternating vortices are shed from one or more bluff bodies installed in a closed conduit;c) describes how the vortex shedding frequency is used to determine the velocity to infer the volume, mass, and/or energy flow rate and the total

46、 gas flow through the meter over a specific time interval;d) applies only to single phase gas flows in closed conduit that are steady or vary slowly in time. For fiscal measurement, the output of the flow rate shall be within the acceptable limits of steady state flow rate;e) describes the physical

47、components of vortex shedding flowmeters and identifies need for inspection, certification, and material traceability;f) addresses the effect of gas properties, installation, and process conditions that may affect the measurement uncertainty and describes guidelines for reducing or eliminating their

48、 influences;g) defines the method for calculating uncertainty of the flow rate measurement;h) defines the meter output requirements and necessary information pertaining to the meter output for the purpose of fiscal measurement of gas; andi) provides calibration and/or performance verification guidan

49、ce for the field application.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.API MPMS Chapter 4.5, Master Meter Provers, 2011API MPMS Chapter 4.2, Displacement Provers, Reaffirmed 2011API MPMS Chapter 14.2, AGA Report No. 8/GPA 8185, Compressibility Factors of Natural Gas and other Related Hydrocarbon Gases, Reaffirmed 2012 2 API MPMS CHAPTER 14NATURAL GAS FLUID