API RP 90-2-2016 Annular Casing Pressure Management for Onshore Wells (First Edition).pdf

1、Annular Casing Pressure Management for Onshore WellsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 90-2FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2016Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neithe

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13、to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to

14、 the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 General . . . . .

15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Conditions of Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Sources of Annular Casing Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 Thermally Induced Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 Operator-imposed Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.4 Sustained Casing Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Onshore Well System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 Typical Well Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 Key Component Overview. . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 Potential Communication Paths into the “A” Annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.4 Potential Communication Paths into the Outer Ann

22、uli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Annular Casing Pressure Management Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.2 Non-monitorable Annular Casing Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Maximum Allowable Wellhead Operating Pressure . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.2 Wellhead Section Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.3 Completion Equipment Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.4 Formation Fracture Breakdown Pressure

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.5 Tubular De-ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.6 Other Considerations. . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Upper and Lower Diagnostic Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.1 General . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.2 Considerations when Establishing a Diagnostic Threshold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.3 Basis of DT Va

29、lues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.4 Periodic Review of Diagnostic Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Meth

30、ods and Frequency of Monitoring Annular Casing Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.2 Dete

31、ction and Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.3 Routine Monitoring of Wells with Annular Casing Pressure within Diagnostic Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . 199.4 Monitoring of Wells with Sustain

32、ed Casing Pressure above the Upper Diagnostic Threshold . . . . . . . 209.5 Monitoring of Wells with Thermally Induced Casing Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.6 Monitoring of Wells with Operator-imposed Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2110 Annular Casing Pressure Evaluation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2110.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2110.2 Pressure Bleed-down/Build-up Test Methods and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2210.3 Thermally Induced Casing Pressure Evaluation Methods and Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、 . . . . . . . 2410.4 Diagnostic Actions following Bleed-down and Build-up Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2610.5 Subsequent Bleed-down and Build-up Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2711 Doc

36、umentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28vContentsPage11.1 Annular Casing Pressure Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . 2811.2 Monitoring Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2911.3 Diagnostic Test Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3011.4 Maximum Allowable Wellhead Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3412 Risk Management Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3512.1 General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3512.2 Risk Management Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3512.3 Risk Assessment Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3612.4 Risk Assessment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Annex A (informative) Pressure Containment and Communication Path Considerations in Well Design . . . 39Annex B (informative) Example Calculations for the Tubular Component of the MAWOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Bibliography . . . . . . .

42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Figures1 Typical Onshore Wellbore Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、. 82 Annular Casing Pressure Management Process Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Upper and Lower Diagnostic Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17TablesB.1 Components of Ex

44、ample Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45B.2 Well Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、46B.3 Example Data for Default Designation Method Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46B.4 Example Data for Simple De-rating Method Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47B.5 Revised “A” Annulus MAWOP

46、 and Upper DT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48B.6 Example Data for Explicit De-rating Method Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49B.7 Revised “B” Annulus MAWOP and Upper DT . . . . .

47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50IntroductionThis recommended practice is intended to serve as a guide for managing annular casing pressure (ACP) in onshore wells. Onshore wells are subject to the same causes of ACP as wells constructed and ope

48、rated in offshore environments (discussed in API 90). The architecture of an onshore well is such that it generally provides physical access to each casing annulus at the wellhead.Wells are designed to permit operation under pressure. The existence of pressure in a contained annular space is only pr

49、oblematic when that pressure exceeds the designed (or de-rated) maximum allowable wellhead operating pressure (MAWOP) or when a change in the pressure indicates a potential loss of well integrity. vi0Annular Casing Pressure Management for Onshore Wells1 Scope1.1 GeneralThis document is intended to serve as a guide to monitor and manage annular casing pressure (ACP) in onshore wells, including production, injection, observation/monitoring, and storage wells. This document applies to wells that exhibit thermally induced, operator-imposed, or sustained ACP. It includes criteria for establish