1、Open Die Shaped Forgings for Use in the Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustryAPI SPECIFICATION 20BFIRST EDITION, APRIL 2013ERRATA: DECEMBER 2013Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and re
2、gulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any
3、 liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rig
4、hts.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expres
5、sly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating
6、practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.A
7、ny manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applica
8、ble API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishi
9、ng Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2013 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by le
10、tters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should”
11、 denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Quest
12、ions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requ
13、ests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this
14、review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Sta
15、ndards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . 11.3 Forging Specification Levels (FSL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Qualification Forging . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Qualification Forging Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 Limits of Fo
22、rging Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 Records of Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. 105 Production Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1 Qualification of Procurement Sources for Starting Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 115.2 Material Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.3 Manufacturing Procedure Specification (MPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . 125.4 Process Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.5 Forging Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.6 Inspection, Quality Control, Marking, and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.7 Repair Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.8 Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.9 Record Retention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.10 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.11 Handling, Storage, and Shipping. . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Annex A (informative) API Monogram Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Tables1 As-forged Weight Range Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Materia
31、l Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ASTM E45 Method A Inclusion Rating Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、84 Variables of Forging Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9v1Open Die Shaped Forgings for Use in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry1 Scope1.1 PurposeThis API standard specifies requirements for the q
33、ualification and production of open die shaped forgings for use in API service components in the petroleum and natural gas industries when referenced by an applicable equipment standard or otherwise specified as a requirement for compliance.1.2 ApplicabilityThis API standard is applicable to equipme
34、nt used in the oil and natural gas industries where service conditions warrant the use of individually shaped open die forgings, including rolled rings. Examples include pressure containing or load bearing components. Forged bar, rolled bar, and forgings from which multiple parts are removed are bey
35、ond the scope of this specification.1.3 Forging Specification Levels (FSL)This API standard establishes requirements for four forging specification levels (FSL). These four FSL designations define different levels of forged product technical, quality and qualification requirements.2 Normative Refere
36、ncesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API Specification 6A, Twentieth Edition, Spec
37、ification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree EquipmentASTM A370 1, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsASTM A388/A388M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel ForgingsASTM A604, Standard Practice for Macroetch Testing of Consumable Electrode Reme
38、lted Steel Bars and BilletsASTM E10, Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness Test of Metallic MaterialsASTM E18, Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness Test of Metallic MaterialsASTM E45, Standard Test Method for Determining the Inclusion Content of SteelASTM E110, Standard Test Method for Ind
39、entation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness TestersASTM E112, Standard Test Method for Determining Average Grain SizeASTM E165, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryASTM E381, Standard Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms and Forg
40、ings1ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428, www.astm.org.2API SPECIFICATION 20BASTM E428, Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic TestingASTM E64, Standard Test Method for Dynamic Tear
41、 Testing of Metallic MaterialsASTM E709, Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingANSI/NCSL Z540.3 2, Requirements for the Calibration of Measuring and Test EquipmentSAE AMS 2750 3, Pyrometry3 Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.3.1 Terms and De
42、finitions3.1.1 acceptance criteriaDefined limits placed on characteristics of materials, processes, products, or services.3.1.2 as-forgedThe condition of a forging as it leaves the forging operation without any subsequent operations.3.1.3 bloom/billetA semi-finished hot rolled, forged or extruded pr
43、oduct, with a square, rectangular, or round cross section. NOTE Bloom and billet can be used interchangeably.3.1.4 calibrationComparison and adjustment to a standard of known accuracy.3.1.5 crop/croppingRemoval of the end(s) of ingot, billet, or bloom that may contain primary pipe or other defects.3
44、.1.6 grain flowFiber-like lines appearing on polished and etched sections of forgings caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the direction of working during forging.3.1.7 heatMaterial originating from a final melt, or for remelted alloys, the material originating from a single rem
45、elted ingot.2NCSL International, 2995 Wilderness Place, Suite 107, Boulder, Colorado 80301-5404, www.ncsli.org.3Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096-0001, www.sae.org.OPEN DIE SHAPED FORGINGS FOR USE IN THE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY 33.1.8
46、heat treatmentSpecified, timed sequence of controlled heating and cooling of materials for the purpose of changing physical or mechanical properties. 3.1.9 hot work ratio(forging reduction ratio)A ratio measuring the change in the cross sectional area during each hot working operation.EXAMPLE For ot
47、her than upset forging, the hot work ratio for a single hot work operation can be calculated using the following relationship:whereAfis the final cross sectional area;Aiis the initial cross sectional area.For upset forging, the hot work ratio for a single hot work operation can be calculated using t
48、he following relationship:whereAfis the final cross sectional area;Aiis the initial cross sectional area;hfis the final forging height;hiis the initial material height.The total hot work reduction ratio is defined as the product of the individual reduction ratios achieved at each step in the hot wor
49、k operation from ingot cross section to the final hot work cross section. The ingot cross section shall be the cross section of the ingot obtained after casting or the final remelt step and any ingot grinding or surface preparation prior to the hot working. When the cross-section of the starting material or forged part varies, the cross-section resulting in the lowest calculated hot work ratio shall be used. 3.1.10 inclusionsParticles of nonmetallic compounds of metals and impurity elements, such as oxides, sulfides, or silicates, that are present in ingots and are carried over in wroug
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