1、Methods for Testing of Solid and Rigid CentralizersAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 10TR5FIRST EDITION, MAY 2008Methods for Testing of Solid andRigid CentralizersUpstream DepartmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 10TR5FIRST EDITION, MAY 2008Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. Wi
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11、L Street, NW,Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Description of Rigid and Solid Centralizers . . . . . . . .
12、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Rigid Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Semi-rigid Centralizer . . . . . . . . .
13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Solid Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Solid an
14、d Rigid Centralizer Testing Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Measurement of Friction Factor Using Pin-on-Disk Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 Test Apparatus and Descript
15、ion of the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 Example T
16、est Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 Calculating the Friction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . 45 Measurement of Wear Using the Pin-on-Disk Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 Test Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . 55.2 Example Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Impact Test Consisting of Dynamic Loading Applicable to Hinged-type Rigid Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 Test Apparatu
19、s and Description of the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 Significant Test Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 Re
20、commended Test Parameters for Different Size Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Static Axial Loading Simulating Running the Centralizer Through Restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.1 Test Apparatus and Description of the Tests . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.2 Testing the Centralizer Through the Recommended Hole Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.3 Total Circumferential Loading Test (Rigid Centralizer Only) . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.4 Partial Circumferential Loading Test (Rigid Centralizer Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.5 Reporting of Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Test to Simulate Side Loading of the Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.1 Test Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.2 Test Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Test to Simulate Static Loading of Centralizer and Stop Col
25、lar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.1 Test Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.2 Test Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510 Pull-apart Test for Centralizers with End Rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Figures1 Example of Rigid Centralizer . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Example of Semi-rigid Centralizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Pin-on-Disk Test Device
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Typical Test Apparatus Used to Apply a Dynamic Load to the End Rings of a HingedRigid Centralizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Installation of Centralizer in the Test Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Weight Being Raised a Preset Distance Before Being Dropped . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Typical Test Set-up with a Rigid Centralizer Being Forced into a Smooth Bore Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Typical Test Set-up with a Rigid Centralizer Being Forced into a Bore witha Full Circumferential Restriction . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Components That Make Up the Partial Bore Test Fixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13vPage10 Typical Test Set-up with a Rigid Centralizer Being Force
32、d into a Bore with a 90 Partial Restriction . . 1411 Side Loading Testing of Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1512 Centralizer on a Test Mandrel with a Limit Clamp or Stop Collar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Tables1 Example Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Example Test Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Recommended Test Parameters for Different Size Centralizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Methods for Testing of Solid and Rigid Centralizers 1 Introduction Solid and rigid centralizers have been used b
35、y the petroleum industry for many years to assist with running casing to the bottom of the wellbore and with improving mud displacement. The purpose of this document is to provide the industry with methods for testing rigid and solid centralizers. The API and ISO standardization committees have prod
36、uced specifications, testing, and recommended practices for the use of bow-type centralizers, but to date, the petroleum industry does not have standards for the selection and use of solid or rigid centralizers, even though those devices are widely used. Additionally, the industry does not have stan
37、dardized testing methods to verify functionality and reliability of centralizers. This is a problem for the operator in making an intelligent selection for centralizers to use in the well. Some testing procedures are available, but because they are not standardized, they tend to hinder communication
38、 between manufacturers and end users. 2 Description of Rigid and Solid Centralizers 2.1 Rigid Centralizer This centralizer is composed of rigid, non-flexible bands or bars fixed to two end collars. These devices have a smaller outside diameter (OD) than the casing or hole through which the centraliz
39、ers are run and, therefore, generate zero starting forces. Because these devices do not have a solid body, they are capable of experiencing deformation when run through restrictions. Figure 1Example of Rigid Centralizer 2.2 Semi-rigid Centralizer This centralizer is a subclass of the rigid centraliz
40、er category. This device is composed of flexible spring bows attached to two end collars, but the springs are manufactured such that they form two equal-length bows between the end rings. These double-bow springs flex under load, but under large loads become essentially rigid. 1 2 API TECHNICAL REPO
41、RT 10TR5 Figure 2Example of Semi-rigid Centralizer 2.3 Solid Centralizer This centralizer is manufactured with rigid, non-flexible blades or bands. The centralizers have solid bodies and solid blades. The blades are either formed during molding of the centralizer or welded on the solid body. These d
42、evices have a smaller OD than the casing or hole where the centralizers will be used, and, therefore, generate zero starting forces. Because these devices have a solid body, they do not experience deformation when run through restrictions; they do not flex. 3 Solid and Rigid Centralizer Testing Meth
43、ods The following measurement and test procedures are included in this document: 1. measurement of friction factor using the pin-on-disk method (Section 4); 2. measurement of wear using the pin-on-disk method (Section 5); 3. impact test consisting of dynamic loading applicable to hinge-type rigid ce
44、ntralizers (Section 6); 4. static axial loading to simulate running through restrictions (Section 7); 5. test to simulate side loading of the centralizer (Section 8); 6. test to simulate static loading of the centralizer and stop collar (Section 9); 7. pull-apart test for rigid centralizers with end
45、 rings (Section 10). The user is encouraged to select the applicable measurements and tests for solid or rigid centralizers appropriate for specific well conditions. 4 Measurement of Friction Factor Using the Pin-on-Disk Method 4.1 Test Apparatus and Description of the Test The friction factor of ce
46、ntralizer construction materials can be measured in the presence of different mud systems using the “pin-on-disk” device and method (see Figure 3). For the results to be relevant, materials being tested should match the composition of the construction materials used to manufacture the centralizers.
47、The device is composed of a stationary base element (pin) on which the test specimen is mounted and a rotating disk. The specimen to be tested and the disk are pressed together using a calculated force corresponding to the anticipated force on the centralizer. The sliding velocity and the pressing f
48、orce can be adjusted and controlled over wide ranges. The area of the disk contacted by the specimen is continuously sprayed with the mud being used during the test. When measuring friction factors using different mud systems or different centralizer materials, the geometry and test METHODS FOR TEST
49、ING OF SOLID AND RIGID CENTRALIZERS 3 conditions for all tests must be identical. During the tests, the amount of fluid flow must be regulated to ensure the surfaces of the disk and the specimen are always covered with the fluid. Table 1, Section 4.3 lists examples of parameters used to conduct a test and is not a specific recommendation. In addition to the composition of the materials used in the test, other important parameters to consider include: velocity, pressure, temperature and rotating time. Friction factor results from this test are not usable in the field. Many other param
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