1、Fuel Gas MeasurementAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 2571 FIRST EDITION, MARCH 2011Fuel Gas MeasurementMeasurement CoordinationAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 2571 FIRST EDITION, MARCH 2011Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state
2、, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contai
3、ned herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe
4、 upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publ
5、ication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound e
6、ngineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from us
7、ing any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fa
8、ct conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact th
9、e Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2011 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus,
10、 or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC
11、 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Performance Characteristics and Measurement by Meter Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Differential Pressure Type Flow Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 Linear Flow Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.4 Selection Criteria and Documentation of Fuel Gas Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Secondary and Tertiary Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.2 Equipment Selection Considerations . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.3 Equipment Location and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Uncertainty Calculations . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.1 Objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.2 Uncertainty
18、 Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3 Combining the Uncertainty of Multiple Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.4 Differenti
19、al Producers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.5 Linear Meters (Vortex, Ultrasonic, Turbine, PD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.6
20、 Linear Meter (Coriolis). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Inspection, Verification, and Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . 286.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.2 System Overview for Selection of Maintenance Activity, Frequency, and Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . 296.3 Relative Stream Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.4 Identify Devices to be Inspected, Verified, or Calibrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . 306.5 Influence of Meter Type on Frequency Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.6 Calibration Results Influence on Frequency Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Annex A (in
24、formative) Uncertainty Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . 65Figures1 Schematic of a Fuel Gas Measurement System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Example of Fuel Gas Measurement System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 16A.1 Example of Fuel Gas Measurement System (for Illustration Purposes Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Tables1 Installation Effect Sensitivity and Secondary Instrument Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Significant Common DP Meter Influence Pa
27、rameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Additional Orifice Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Additional Venturi and Nozzle Meter Influence Parameters.
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Additional Multiport Averaging Pitot, and Wedge Meter Influence Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Variable Area Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Additional Pitot, Pitot-Static Tube Meter Influence Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Common Volumetric Linear Meter Influence Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . 109 Additional Displacement Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 Additional Turbine Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 Addit
31、ional Ultrasonic Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12vContentsPage12 Additional Vortex Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213 Additi
32、onal Thermal Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Additional Coriolis Meter Influence Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415 Static Pressure Tap
33、 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716 DP Meter Static Pressure Variance Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2317 DP Meter Tem
34、perature Variance Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2418 DP Meter Compressibility Effect Typical Natural Gas vs Typical Natural Gas + 20 % H2. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2519 Linear Meter Static Pressure Variance Effect. .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2620 Linear Meter Temperature Variance Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2621 CompressibilityTypical Natural Gas . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2722 Linear Meter Compressibility Effect Typical Natural Gas vs Typical Natural Gas + 20 % H2. . . . . . . . . . 2723 Plant Determination of Relative Stream Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3024 Inspection, Verification, and Calibration Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3125 Meter Station F101: Initial Calibration Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3226 Meter Station F101: Revised Calibration Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33A.1 Instrumentation on Meter Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34viIntroductionThis document provides a performance-based methodology for the measurement and reporting of fuel gasconsumption. Specifically, considerations are provided for measurement device selection, installation, maintenance,calibration and documentation to achie
40、ve the targeted performance in terms of availability and uncertainty. If theperformance of any installed measurement device is determined not to be in compliance with an acceptable level ofuncertainty, the measurement device, its installation, or maintenance practices, etc. can be upgraded. Techniqu
41、es aredescribed to assess the uncertainty contribution of individual components of fuel gas measurement systems and theoverall facility fuel gas measurement uncertainty. By following the guidance and calculation procedures of thisdocument, cost effective fuel gas measurements of appropriate quality
42、can be achieved. In most cases the rigorousrequirements of industry standards intended for custody transfer quality measurements can be reduced and stillachieve the desired measurement uncertainty. For this document, a fuel gas system in a facility could be comprised ofmultiple fuel gas meters or a
43、single meter.This document addresses the most common fuel gas measurement devices in use at the time of its development.This does not advocate the use of these devices or preclude the utilization of other types of devices, provided thetargeted performance is achieved.This Technical Report (TR) inclu
44、des a brief description of the working principles of different types of fuel gas metersand their influence parameters, installation recommendations, a uniform method to ascertain the measurementuncertainty, a recommended method to determine the frequency of maintenance, performance verification orca
45、libration of the meter and secondary instruments, and other relevant and necessary information.Fuel gas can be measured by different types of flow meters. The selection of a meter typically depends on severalfactors such as: desired accuracy for the application; desired accuracy verification capabil
46、ity (i.e. calibration, inspection, replacement); life expectancy; operating conditions and their variabilityflow rate, pressure, temperature, gas composition/density, etc.; cost of initial installation; operational requirements; regulatory requirements.Listed below are different flow meters that are
47、 typically installed to measure the fuel gas flows in the industry. Theselection of the fuel gas meter by the user may include other types of meters not included in this list: differential-pressure or head-type flow meters; displacement flow meters; turbine flow meters; thermal dispersion flow meter
48、s; Coriolis force flow meters; ultrasonic flow meters; vortex flow meter.vii1Fuel Gas Measurement1 ScopeThis Technical Report (TR) provides guidance in the following areas to allow the user to achieve a targeted uncertainty of measurement: selection of flow meter type; differential pressure (DP), di
49、splacement, ultrasonic, Coriolis, vortex, turbine, thermal, and others; associated instrumentation for measuring fluid properties and flowing conditions, such as pressure and temperature transmitters, densitometers, gas chromatographs; obtaining and use of gas composition or other analytical data; design and installation requirements of the measurement system; inspection, verification and calibration practices of flow meters and their associated accessory instrumentation; and simplified uncertainty calculations with examples to illustrate the methodology.2 Terms a
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