API TR 6AF2-2013 Technical Report on Capabilities of API Flanges Under Combinations of Loading - Phase II (FIFTH EDITION)《组合装载下API法兰性能的技术报告.第Ⅱ阶段》.pdf

1、Technical Report on Capabilities of API Integral Flanges Under Combination of LoadingPhase IIAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 6AF2 FIFTH EDITION, APRIL 2013Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and

2、 regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume

3、any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned

4、rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby exp

5、ressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operati

6、ng practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practice

7、s.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the appl

8、icable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publi

9、shing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2013 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by

10、 letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental proce

11、ss and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute,

12、 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time

13、extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D

14、.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Finite Element Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Finite Element Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Two-dimensional Heat Transfer Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.1 Finite Element Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.2 Temperature Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Limiting Criteria for Combined Loading . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.2 Leakage Criterion .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.3 Stress Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . 235.4 Development of Load Combination Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Reanalysis of Failed Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Effect of Lockdown Screw Holes on Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Conclusion and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Annex AComparison Between Prac 86-21 and Prac 88-21 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . 40Annex BLoad Combination Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Tables1 Nodal Temperatures for Typical Type 6BX Flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、202 Adopted Stress Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Flanges That Did Not Meet Makeup-only Criterion, Makeup = 52.5 ksi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Flange Geo

26、metry Modifications to Meet ASME Criterion for 52.5 ksi Makeup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Lockdown Screw Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Effect of Lockdown Screw Holes on

27、Flange Stiffnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Effect of Lockdown Screw Holes on Flange Combined Load Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Modification Coefficients for Bending Capacity at Zero Tension and Zero Press

28、ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34A.1 Comparison for Type 6B Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41A.2 Comparison for Type 6BX Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42B.1 Makeup Values for Flanges with Stress Criterion Governing at Least for Part of the Range of the Load Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Figures1 A Typical F

30、inite Element Model of Flange and Bolt Superelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Unit Load Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Superelemental H

31、ierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Gasket Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、. . 85 Typical Lotus 1-2-3 Worksheet for Calculating Equivalent Stresses Due to Applied Forces. . . . . . . . . . . 96 Equivalent Stresses Due to Applied Bending Moment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Deflected Shape Due to Unit Makeup (1.0 ksi).

33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Deflected Shape Due to Unit Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Deflected Shape Due to Unit Tension (1.0 kip). . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210 Deflected Shape Due to Bending Moment (1.0 K.in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13vPage11 Maximum Shear Stress Contours Due to Unit Makeup . . . . . . .

35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312 Maximum Shear Stress Contours Due to Unit Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413 Maximum Shear Stress Contours Due to Unit Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414 Maximum Shear Stress Contours Due to Unit Bending Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515 Von Mises Equivalent Stress Contours for 2 1/16 in. 3,000 psi Type 6B Flange Under 52.5 ksi Makeup and 6,000 psi Test Pressure. . . .

37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 Bolt Stress (z) Contours for Unit Makeup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617 Bolt Stress (z) Contours for Unit Pressure

38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618 Bolt Stress (z) Contours for Unit Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719 Bolt Stress (z) Contours for Unit Bending Mome

39、nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1720 Typical Heat Conduction 2-D Mesh for Type 6BX Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921 Typical Leakage Load Combination Charts for 52.5 ksi and 40 ksi Makeup Loads

40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222 Stress Linearization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2423 Critical Section Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2524 Comparison Between 2-D and 3-D Results for Leakage Criteria for 2 1/16 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange . . . . . 2725 Comparison Between 2-D and 3-D Results for Leakage Criteria for 16 3/4 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange. . . . . 2726 Stress Limiting C

42、riteria for 2 1/16 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2827 Stress Limiting Criteria for 16 3/4 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2828 Leakage Criteria with Temperatur

43、e Effect for 2 1/16 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2929 Leakage Criteria with Temperature Effect for 16 3/4 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2930 Stress Criterion with Temperature Effect for 2 1/16 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange .

44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3031 Stress Criterion with Temperature Effect for 16 3/4 in. 3,000 psi 6B Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032 Bolt Stress Contours for 5 1/8 in. 10,000 psi Type 6BX Flange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、. . . . . . 3233 Bolt Stress Contours for 11 in. 10,000 psi Type 6BX Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3234 Finite Element Model of Flange with Lockdown Screw Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3535 Effect of Lockd

46、own Screw Holes on Leakage Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3636 Effect of Lockdown Screw Holes on Stress Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37A.1 Hopper Chart (from ASME Boiler and Pr

47、essure Vessel Code, Appendix 4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Technical Report on Capabilities of API Integral Flanges Under Combination of LoadingPhase II1 ScopeThe evaluation of the load carrying capacity of API 6A integral flanges is the objective of this work. The applied loa

48、ding includes the end tension and bending moment in addition to the conventional rated pressure and makeup forces. The effect of a temperature difference corresponding to 250 F on the inside and 30 F on the outside was also evaluated.Three-dimensional finite element meshes were generated for the Typ

49、e 6B, and Type 6BX flanges. The bending moment load case required a model of one quarter of the flange which was built up from the smaller segments and the half-bolt superelements. The computer program SESAM was used to obtain the stresses at selected critical flange and hub sections and to determine the gasket reaction due to each of the four unit load cases and the temperature difference load case. Leakage criterion was defined as the load combination which reduces the initial makeup compressive forces in the gasket to zero. The stresses in each defined section were linearize