API TR 934-B-2011 Fabrication Considerations for Vanadium-Modified Cr-Mo Steel Heavy Wall Pressure Vessels (First Edition)《钒改性铬-钼钢制厚壁压力容器的制造考虑 n》.pdf

1、Fabrication Considerations for Vanadium-Modified Cr-Mo Steel Heavy Wall Pressure VesselsAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 934-B FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2011Fabrication Considerations for Vanadium-Modified Cr-Mo Steel Heavy Wall Pressure VesselsDownstream SegmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 934-B FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2011Sp

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14、ubmitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative

15、 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Definitions and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . 23.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Design and Fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Identified Fabrication Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3 Code References and Design Allowables . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.4 Incorporation Into API 941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.5 Additional Characteristics . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.6 Metallurgical Concerns During Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.7 Best Practices for Fabricating V-Modi

21、fied 21/4Cr-1Mo Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Assessment of Fabricators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.1 Current Worldwide Fabrication Capability . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.2 Approving New Fabricators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Annex A (informative) SAMPLE Fabrication Pl

23、an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Annex B (informative) Example of a Detailed Fabrication Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Annex C (informative) Sample Fabrication Schedule . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Figures1 Charpy V-Notch Toughness

25、 of Conventional and Vanadium-modified 21/4Cr-1Mo Deposited Weld Metal after DHT and ISR Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Vanadium Content versus Creep Rupture of Cr-1Mo-V Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . . . . 113 Typical Conventional and Vanadium-modified 21/44Cr-1Mo Weld Metal Hardness After Various Heat Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Diffusible Hydrogen Test Results for 21/4Cr-1M

27、o Weld Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Charpy V-Notch Toughness of Vanadium-modified 21/4Cr-1Mo Deposited Weld Metal after ISR Using a Second Alternative Wire Flux Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15A.1

28、Sample Fabrication Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Tables1 Typical Properties of Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . 92 Toughness Properties of Vanadium-modified Sub-Arc Weld Metal as Function of Heat Treatment Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Point System for Evaluating New Fabricators . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19B.1 Example Construction Schedule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23vIntroductionThis document is intended as a best practice guidelin

31、e to be used by fabricators, in conjunction with API 934-A, when constructing new heavy wall pressure vessels with vanadium-modified Cr-Mo steels intended for service in petroleum refining, petrochemical, or chemical facilities. These materials are primarily used in high temperature, high pressure s

32、ervices which contain hydrogen.The document provides typical practices to be followed during fabrication based upon experience and the knowledge gained from actual problems that have occurred during the fabrication of vanadium-modified Cr-Mo steels.BackgroundThe use of chrome-molybdenum steel vessel

33、s in hydrogen service can be traced back to the mid 1920s in Germany where they were used for reactors in high pressure hydrogenation plants. These vessels were fabricated from 2.25 % to 3.8 % chrome-molybdenum alloys operating in the pressure range of 28 to 70 MPa (4000 to 10,000 psi). 1These steel

34、s are now referred to as the “First Generation” technology and were in use until the mid 1960s. The steels have evolved with significant improvements in each generation that can be summarized as follows.Second Generation (Mid 1960s to 1970s) The birth of modern hydroprocessing reactors manufactured

35、from heavy wall 21/4Cr-1Mo alloys with improved toughness (54 Joules at 10 C 40 ft-lbs at 50 F), but with no particular temper embrittlement controls.Third Generation (1970s to 1980s) Added J-factor limit of 180 to control temper embrittlement and developed improved toughness to 54 Joules at 18 C (4

36、0 ft-lbs at 0 F). Also, began step cooling tests with varying criteria, and precautions against weld overlay disbondment.Fourth Generation (1980s to 1990s) Improved temper embrittlement control by lowering J-factor limit to 100 and achieving better results after step cooling. This generation also ha

37、d toughness improvements to 54 Joules at 32 C (40 ft-lbs at 25 F)Today “Fifth Generation” grades 2of conventional 2Cr-1Mo steels have a 54-Joule (40 ft-lb) transition temperature typically lower than 40 C (40 F), and even lower for conventional 3Cr-1Mo steels. Vanadium-modified Cr-Mo steels with 21/

38、4 % and 3 % Cr were introduced for service with higher strength levels and increased hydrogen attack resistance. These grades achieved a 54 Joule (40 ft-lb) transition temperature typically around 29 C (20 F). The vanadium-modified steels also offered enhanced creep rupture properties, lower temper

39、embrittlement susceptibility, and a much lower susceptibility to hydrogen disbonding of weld overlay compared with conventional Cr-Mo steels. As of 2009, over four hundred vanadium-modified reactors have been fabricated around the world with many more under construction. vi1Fabrication Consideration

40、s for Vanadium-Modified Cr-Mo SteelHeavy Wall Pressure Vessels1 ScopeThis best practice report complements API 934-A and specifies additional fabrication considerations that should be observed when constructing a new heavy wall pressure vessel using vanadium-modified Cr-Mo materials intended for hyd

41、rogen service at elevated temperature and pressure. It applies to vessels that are designed, fabricated, certified and documented in accordance with ASME Code Section VIII, Division 2, including Paragraph 3.4 of the ASME Code, Supplemental Requirements for Cr-Mo Steels and ASME Code Case 2151, as ap

42、plicable (or equivalent international codes). Nominal material chemistries covered by this report are the vanadium-modified steels including 21/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V-Ti-B, and 3Cr-1Mo-V-Cb-Ca steels. The interior surfaces of these vessels may have an austenitic stainless steel cladding or weld

43、overlay to provide additional corrosion resistance.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including a

44、ny amendments) applies. API Recommended Practice 582, Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas IndustriesAPI Recommended Practice 934-A, Materials and Fabrication Requirements for 2 1/4Cr-1Mo t is time in hours (hr).3.1.8 maximum PWHT Specified heat treatment of test specimens used to simul

45、ate all fabrication heat treatments including austenitizing and tempering, all intermediate heat treatments above 482 C (900 F), the final PWHT, a PWHT cycle for possible shop repairs, and a minimum of one extra PWHT cycles for future use by the owner. NOTE To determine the equivalent time at one te

46、mperature (within the PWHT range), the Larson-Miller Parameter formula may be used; results to be agreed upon by purchaser and manufacturer.3.1.9 minimum PWHT Specified heat treatment of test specimens used to simulate the minimum heat treatment (austenitizing, tempering and one PWHT cycle, and ISR

47、above 482 C 900 F). NOTE To determine the equivalent time at one temperature (within the PWHT range), the Larson-Miller Parameter may be used; results to be agreed upon by purchaser and manufacturer.3.1.10 owner The firm or organization that will own and operate the pressure vessel.3.1.11 seller The

48、 successful bidder, the firm or organization receiving the purchase order to design and fabricate the pressure.3.1.12 step cooling heat treatment Specified heat treatment of test specimens used to simulate and accelerate embrittlement of test specimens for the purpose of evaluating the potential for

49、 temper embrittlement of alloy steels in high-temperature service.3.1.13 sub-supplierThe firm or organization, acceptable to the buyer, which supplies materials and/or services to the seller in conjunction with design or fabrication of the pressure vessel.3.1.14 vanadium-modified Cr-Mo steels 21/4Cr-1Mo-1/4V, 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V-Ti-B, and 3Cr-1Mo-1/4V-Cb-Ca steels, with no vanadium additions.3.2 AcronymsFor the purpose of this practice, the following acronyms apply:CMTR certified material test reportDHT dehydrogenation heat treatment4API TECHNICAL REPORT 934-BFN