ANSI AGMA 1010-E-1995 Appearance of Gear Teeth - Terminology of Wear and Failure《齿轮齿的外观.磨损和缺陷术语》.pdf

1、 STD-AGHA LULO-E-ENGL 1995 W Ob87575 OOOLiY58 775 ANSI/AGMA IOIO-E95 (Revision of AGMA 11 0.04) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Appearance of Gear Teeth - Terminology of Wear and Failure I I AGMA STANDARD Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot for Res

2、aleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STD-AGHA LOLO-E-ENGL 1775 W Ob87575 0004457 b01 W ANSVAGMA 101 0495 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD r American Standard (Revision of ANWAGMA 110.04) Appearance of Gear Teeth - Terminology of Wear and Failure ANWAGMA 1 O1 their existe

3、nce does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, oir procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circ

4、umstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an inteipretation of an Americari National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Re- quests for interpretation of this standard should be ad

5、dressed to the American Gear Manufacturers Association. CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improve- ment, revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMATechnical Publication should be sure that the publication is the latest avail

6、able from the Association on the subject matter. Tables or other self-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should read: Extracted from ANWAGMA 1 O1 -95, Appearance of Gear Teeth -. Terminology of Wear and Failure, with the permission of the publisher. the American Gear Manufa

7、cturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201 , Alexandria, Virginia 223141. National Approved December 13, 1995 ABSTRACT This nomenclature standard identifies and describes the classes of common gear failures and illustrates degrees of deterioration. Published by American Gear Manufacturers Asso

8、ciation 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314 Copyright O 1995 by American Gear Manufacturers Association No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the Uni

9、ted States of America ISBN: 1-55589-665-0 II Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STD-AGMA LOLO-E-ENGL 1795 = Ob87575 00044b0 323 = AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIA

10、GMA 101 40 Grinding cracks with a crazed pattern 223 41 Rimcrack 28 42 Casecore separation 29 43 Bending fatigue crack 20 44 Brittle fracture . 311 45 Micrograph of transgranular brittle fracture 32 46 Micrograph of intergranular brittle fracture 32 47 Micrograph of ductile fracture . 33 48 Mixed mo

11、de fracture . 33 49 Tooth shear . 34 50 Fracture after plastic deformation 34 51 Fatigue of two spur teeth . 36 52 Fatigue of two helical teeth . 3; 53 Fatigue of two bevel pinion teeth 3% 54 Fatigue of several teeth that were loaded on both flanks 39 55 Profile cracks originating from severe pittin

12、g 40 56 Broken tooth ends . 40 24a Rippling . 18 25 Ridging 19 Detail of tooth surface showing micropitting at 1 OOOX magnification 25 iv Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license fro

13、m IHS-,-,-STD-AGFA LOLO-E-ENGL 1775 = Ob87575 00044b2 LTb c AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANWAGMA 1 O1 0495 Foreword The foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only, and should not be construed as part of American Gear Manufacturers Association Standard ANSVAG

14、MA 1 O1 bE95, Appearance of Gear Teeth - Terminology of Wear and failure. This standard provides a means to document the appearance of gear teeth when they wear or fail. The study of gear tooth wear and failure has been hampered by the inability of two observers to describe the same phenomenon in te

15、rms that are adequate to assure uniform interpretation. The term ?gear failure? is subjective and a source of considerable disagreement. For exam- ple, a person observing gear teeth that have a bright, mirrorlike appearance may believe that the gears have ?runin? properly. However, another observer

16、may believe that the gears have failed by polishing wear. Whether the gears should be considered failed or not depends on how much wear is tolerable. This standard provides a common language to describe gear wear and failure, and serves as a guide to uniformity and consistency in the use of that lan

17、guage. It describes the appear- ance of gear tooth failure modes and discusses their mechanisms, with the sole intent of facil- itating identification of gear wear and failure. The purpose of the standard is to improve communication between equipment users and gear manufacturers for failure and wear

18、 anal- ysis. Since there may be many different causes for each type of gear tooth wear of failure, it is not possible in the standard to identify a single cause for each type of wear or failure, nor to prescribe remedies. AGMA Standard 11 O was first published in 1943. A revised standard, AGMA 11 0.

19、03, was published in 1979 with improved photographs and additional material. AGMA 11 0.04 was reaffirmed by the members in 1989. ANSVAGMA 1 O1 M95 is a revision of AGMA 11 0.04. This version was approved by the AGMA Membership in March 9,1995. It was approved as an American National Standard on Dece

20、mber 13, 1995. Suggestions for the improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Vir- ginia, 2231 4. V Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGM

21、ANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STD-AGHA LOLO-E-ENGL 1775 D Ob87575 0004L!b3 O32 W ANWAGMA 101SE95 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PERSONNEL of the AGMA Nomenclature Committee Chairman: J.R. Colbourne University of Alberta Vice Chairman: B.C. Newcomb Ch

22、icago Gear ACTIVE MEMBERS K. Acheson The Gear Works-Seattle, Inc. W.A. Bradley III . Consultant R. Errichello . Gearech L. Faure . CMD D. McCarroll . Gleason Works D.R. McVittie Gear Engineers ASSOCIATE MEMBERS S.E. Borg . Borg Associates M.R. Chaplin Contour Hardening A.S. Cohen Engranes y Maquinar

23、ia P.M. Dean . Consultant R. Green Eaton Corporation E.E. Shipley . Mechanical Technology Inc. (Deceased) RE. Smith R. E. Smith however, many of the failure modes dis- cussed may apply to gears made from other materials. The solution to many gear problems requires detailed investigation and analysis

24、 by specialists and is beyond the scope and intent of this standard. This standard does not define “gear failure”. One observers “faiiure” is another observers “ruMn”. There is no single definition of gear failure, since whether or not a gear has failed depends on the specific application. 2 Nomencl

25、ature 2.1 Definitions The terms used in this standard, wherever applica- ble, conform to the definitions given in the following standard: ANWAGMA 1 O1 2-F90, Gear Nomenclature, Defi- nitions of Terms with Symbols 2.2 Symbols NOTE: The symbols and definitions used in this stan- dard may differ from o

26、ther AGMA Standards. The user should not assume that familiar symbols can be used without a careful study of these definitions. 2.3 Classes and modes of failure Table 1 groups the common modes of gear failure into seven general classes and subdivides the gen- eral classes into general and specific m

27、odes. It also includes commonly used, but not preferred names. 3 Wear Wear is a term describing change to a gear tooth surface involving the removal or displacement of material, due to mechanical, chemical, or electrical action. Figures 1 and 2 show mild and moderate wear. They are not intended to i

28、ndicate the mode of wear. Wear can be categorized as mild, moderate or severe. Mild wear is considered normal in many applications. Moderate and sometimes even se- vere wear may be acceptable in some applications. 3.1 Adhesion Adhesion is caused by transfer of material from one tooth surface to anot

29、her due to microwelding and tearing. It is confined to surface films and oxide lay- ers on the tooth surface. Adhesion can be categorized as mild or moderate. Severe adhesion is termed scuffing (see clause 4). 3.1.1 Mild adhesion Mild adhesion typically occurs during runningin and usually subsides a

30、fter it has smoothed the tooth surfaces by removing minor imperfections through local wear. To the unaided eye, the tooth surface appears undamaged and the original machining marks are visible. Microscopically, smooth microplateaus can be seen between the machining fu Trows. 3.1.2 Moderate adhesion

31、Adhesion is classified as moderate if it removes some or all of the original machining marks from the active surface of the tooth. Under certain condi- tions, adhesion may cause continuous removal of surface films and oxide layers, resulting in severe wear. 1 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers As

32、sociation Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STDaAGMA LOLO-E-ENGL 1775 Ob87575 00044b5 705 II 3rittle fracture 3uctile fracture nixed mode fracture ANSIIAGMA 101-E95 Class Wear Scuffing Plastic deformation Contact

33、 fatigue Cracking Fracture 3ending fatigue AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Table 1 - Nomenclature of gear failure modes General mode Adhesion Abrasion Polishing Corrosion Fretting corrosion Scaling Cavitation Erosion Electrical discharge Rippling Scuffing Plastic deformation Pitting (Macropitting) Microp

34、itting Specific mode or degree Mild Moderate Severe (see scuffing) Mild, Moderate, Severe Mild, Moderate, Severe Mild, Moderate, Severe Indentation Cold flow Hot flow Rolling Tooth hammer Rippling Ridging Burr Root fillet yielding Tip-to-root interference Initial Progressive Flake Spall 3oot fillet

35、cracks rofile cracks Not preferred RunningLin wear Scoring Scratching Cutting Burnishing Scoring Cold scuffing Hot scuffing Galling Welding Seizing Bruising Peening Denting Brinelling Permanent deformation Overheating Fish scaling Destructive Arrow head Frosting Gray staining Peeling Case crushing Q

36、uenching cracks Internal rupture Fast fracture Smearing Semi-brittle 2 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STDmAGMA LOLO-E-ENGL 1775 0bB7575 OOOYYbb Bill AMERICAN N

37、ATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIAGMA 101-E95 Figure 1 - Mild wear Figure 2 - Moderate wear 3.2 Abrasion Abrasion is the removal or displacement of material due to the presence of hard particles: for example, metallic debris, scale, rust, sand, or abrasive powder, suspended in the lubricant or embedded in the

38、flanks of the mating teeth. Based on the severity of the damage, abrasion can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. Abrasion causes scratches or gouges on the tooth Surface that are oriented in the direction of sliding. NXaSion normally aPears at the addendum and dedendum where sliding is pre

39、sent. Under magnifi- cation, the scratches appear as parallel furrows that are smooth and clean. See figure 3a. Abrasion due to loose contaminants, is called three-body abrasion. Twc+body abrasion occurs 3 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot f

40、or ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STD-AGMA LOLO-E-ENGL 199.5 W Ob87575 000L14b7 788 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIJAGMA 1010-E95 when embedded particles or asperities on one gear tooth abrade the opposing tooth surface. 3.2.1 Mild abrasion Abrasion is cla

41、ssified as mild if it consists of fine scratches that are not numerous or deep enough to remove significant amounts of material from the tooth surface. See figure 3b. The diagonal line is an abrasion furrow cut by a hard particle showing smooth, clean appearance. The vertical lines are the original

42、grind marks Figure 3a - SEM micrograph -abrasion Figure 3b - Mild abrasion near the tip of a ground gear 4 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers Association Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AMERICAN NATIONAL STA

43、NDARD ANSIAGMA 1 O1 &E95 3.2.2 Moderate abrasion Abrasion is classified as moderate if remnantsof the original machining marks are visible on the tooth surface. ing marks from the active surface of the tooth. There may be wear steps at the ends of the active face and in thededendum. The tooth thickn

44、ess may be reduced significantly, and in some instances the tooth tip may be reduced to a sharp edge. 3.2.3 Severe abrasion Severe abrasion removes all of the original machin- See figures 4a, 4b and 4c. Figure 4a - Severe abrasion Figure 4b -Severe abrasion 5 Copyright American Gear Manufacturers As

45、sociation Provided by IHS under license with AGMANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-STD*AGMA LOLO-E-ENGL 1775 D Ob87575 00044b7 550 D ANSIIAGMA 1010495 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Figure 4c - Severe abrasion 3.3 Polishing Polishing is fine-scale abrasio

46、n that causes gear teeth to have a bright mirrorlike finish. The gear tooth surface may be smooth or wavy with local bumps. Under magnification, the surface appears to be covered by fine scratches that are oriented in the direction of sliding. When a hard surface mates with a soft surface, pol- ishi

47、ng is more likely to occur on the hard surface. Polishing is promoted by chemically active lubri- cants that are contaminated with fine abrasives. Based on the severity, polishing can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. 3.3.1 Mild polishing Polishing is classified as mild if it is confined

48、to the peaks of the surface asperities. Mild polishing typi- cally occurs during runningin and ceases before the original machining marks are removed from the tooth surface. 3.3.2 Moderate polishing Polishing is classified as moderate if remnants of the original machining marks are visible on the to

49、oth su rface. 3.3.3 Severe polishing Severe polishing removes all of the original machin- ing marks from the active surface of the tooth. The polished surface may be wavy and there may be wear steps at the ends of the active face and in the dedendu m. See figure 5. 3.4 Corrosion Corrosion is the chemical or electrochemical reac- tion between the surface of a gear and its environ-