1、ANSI/AIIM MS23-2004PRODUCTION, INSPECTION, AND QUALITY ASSURANCE OFFIRST-GENERATION, SILVERMICROFORMS OF DOCUMENTSApproval date: December 22, 2005STANDARDRECOMMENDEDPRACTICEANSI/AIIMMS23-2004ANSI/AIIM MS23-2004 Copyright 2006 by AIIM International 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring, MD 2091
2、0-5603 USA Telephone: 301/587-8202 Fax: 301/597-2711 E-mail: aiimaiim.org Website: http:/www.aiim.org ISBN 0-89258-421-2 No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
3、without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ANSI/AIIM MS23-2004 Standard for Information and Image Management Standard Recommended Practice Production, Inspection, and Quality Assurance of First-Generation, Silver Microforms of Documents Association fo
4、r Information and Image Management International Abstract: This document identifies and discusses the qualitative characteristics of first-generation silver gelatin microforms and the methods to attain, maintain, and measure levels of quality. The scope of this document excludes COM, updateable, col
5、or, and thermally processed microforms. Contents Foreword. v 1 Purpose and scope . 1 2 References. 1 2.1 Referenced international standards 1 2.2 Referenced American National Standards1 2.3 Referenced publications .2 3 Definitions 2 4 System design considerations. 2 4.1 Purposes of microfilming2 4.2
6、 End-use .3 4.3 Life expectancy 3 4.4 Number of generations3 4.4.1 Film base appearance.3 4.4.2 Film emulsion appearance 3 4.5 Image polarity.4 4.6 Audience .4 4.7 Level of quality desired .5 4.8 Type of documents 5 4.9 Density aim point .6 4.10 Targeting.6 4.11 Forms design8 4.12 Type of film .8 4.
7、13 Image position8 4.14 Film size 8 4.15 Microfilm formats.9 4.15.1 Roll film9 4.15.2 Aperture cards.13 4.15.3 Microfiche 13 4.15.4 Jackets 14 4.15.5 Scroll microfiche 14 4.16 Reduction ratio.15 4.17 Microfiche indexing .15 4.17.1 General15 4.17.2 Title (header-area) contents15 4.17.2.1 Identificati
8、on number 15 4.17.2.2 Alphanumeric characters15 4.17.2.3 Machine readable codes 15 4.17.2.4 Sequencing multiple microfiche16 4.17.2.5 Frame identification 17 4.18 Roll-film indexing.17 4.18.1 General17 4.18.2 Sequential numbers 17 4.18.3 Flash cards17 4.18.4 Odometers 17 4.18.5 Document-mark indexin
9、g 17 4.18.6 Photo-optical code indexing 18 4.18.7 Side or bottom date strips . 18 4.19 Leader and trailer. 19 4.20 Reading equipment . 19 4.21 Packaging. 19 4.22 Storage location. 20 4.23 Sulfide treatment . 20 5 Document preparation 20 5.1 Sequencing of documents 20 5.2 Microfiche page layout 20 5.
10、3 Determining data or file break 20 5.4 Target insertion 22 5.5 Bound documents versus loose documents 22 5.6 Removal of bindings . 22 5.7 Removal of fasteners 22 5.8 Quality of documents 22 5.9 Repair of documents. 22 5.10 Enhancing text quality 23 5.11 Final document inspection . 23 6 Equipment an
11、d supplies. 23 6.1 Production equipment and supplies . 23 6.1.1 Camera . 23 6.1.1.1 Planetary camera . 23 6.1.1.2 Flow or rotary camera 23 6.1.1.3 Step-and-repeat camera 24 6.1.1.4 Camera-processor 24 6.1.2 Exposure meter. 24 6.1.3 Reflection densitometer 25 6.1.4 Camera lighting. 25 6.1.4.1 Voltage
12、 control device 26 6.1.4.2 Voltage readout device. 26 6.1.4.3 Overhead lamps . 26 6.1.4.4 Sub-illumination lamps . 27 6.1.5 Processor 27 6.1.5.1 Tabletop processor. 27 6.1.5.2 Horizontal-path processor 28 6.1.5.3 Helical/serpentine deep tank processor. 28 6.1.6 Sensitometer . 29 6.1.7 Splicers . 29
13、6.1.7.1 Tape . 29 6.1.7.2 Solvent 29 6.1.7.3 Thermal 30 6.1.7.4 Ultrasonic 30 6.1.8 Film length measurer 30 6.1.9 Eye loupe with measuring reticle 31 6.1.10 Safelights 31 6.1.10.1 General. 31 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL I6.1.10.2 Safelight testing 31 6.1.11 Film-cl
14、eaning machine 32 6.1.12 Film-cleaning solution32 6.1.13 Film-cleaning wiper .32 6.1.14 Waterproof splicing tape32 6.1.15 Opaque photographic tape33 6.1.16 Resolution test chart33 6.1.17 White reflectance patch.33 6.1.18 A 50 % reflectance patch 34 6.2 Inspection equipment and supplies.34 6.2.1 Micr
15、oscope 34 6.2.2 Transmission densitometer .38 6.2.3 Calibrated step tablet 38 6.2.4 Reader.39 6.2.5 Rewinders39 6.2.6 Light-box39 6.2.7 Specular light source.39 6.2.8 Black cloth or paper.39 6.2.9 Eye loupe.40 6.2.10 Metric ruler.40 6.2.11 Gloves .40 6.3 Post-production equipment and supplies40 6.3.
16、1 Microform enclosures40 6.3.1.1 Photographic inertness.41 6.3.1.2 Photographic activities test.41 6.3.1.3 Plastic reels 41 6.3.1.4 Microfilm cartridges.41 6.3.1.5 Storage boxes.41 6.3.1.6 Microfiche envelopes42 6.3.1.7 Microfiche jackets .42 6.3.1.8 Labels .42 6.3.1.9 Adhesives .42 6.3.1.10 Inks .4
17、2 6.3.1.11 Rubber bands .42 6.3.1.12 String and button ties42 6.3.1.13 Vinyl strips 42 6.3.2 Microfilm-splicing tape.43 6.3.3 Opaque photosensor tape.43 7 Quality criteria . 43 7.1 Density 43 7.1.1 Density table44 7.1.2 Base-plus-fog density44 7.1.3 Film contrast44 7.1.4 Density uniformity45 7.2 Res
18、olution.45 7.2.1 Spurious resolution46 7.2.2 Quality Index method in general .46 7.2.3 Quality Index levels .47 7.2.4 Quality Index formula 47 7.2.5 Quality Index procedure 48 7.2.6 Limitations to Quality Index .51 7.2.7 Reduction ratio 51 7.3 Physical/chemical characteristics51 7.3.1 Scratches 52 7
19、.3.2 Gouges 52 7.3.3 Rippled edges . 52 7.3.4 Nicked edges 52 7.3.5 Water spots . 52 7.3.6 Residual compounds 52 7.3.6.1 Residual photographic chemicals 53 7.3.6.2 Residual film dyes 53 7.4 Editorial characteristics 53 7.4.1 Completeness . 53 7.4.2 Targeting . 54 8 Photographing the documents 54 8.1
20、 Environment. 54 8.1.1 Vibrations 54 8.1.2 Power source 55 8.1.3 Relative humidity. 55 8.1.4 Temperature 55 8.1.5 Ventilation . 55 8.1.6 Ambient lighting. 55 8.2 Camera setup . 56 8.2.1 Lighting balance 56 8.2.2 Reduction ratio 56 8.2.3 Focus setting. 56 8.2.4 Depth of field . 56 8.2.5 Depth of focu
21、s. 57 8.2.6 Exposure setting . 57 8.2.7 Automatic exposure control 57 8.2.8 Image format . 57 8.2.9 Image spacing. 57 8.2.10 Leader/trailer. 58 8.2.11 Image retrieval aids. 58 8.3 Microfilming procedures. 58 8.3.1 Document feeding. 58 8.3.2 Microfilming bound documents . 59 8.3.3 Adjusting exposure
22、for document conditions 59 8.3.4 Targeting . 59 8.3.4.1 Technical targets 60 8.3.4.2 Bibliographic targets. 60 8.3.5 Exposure timing technique 60 8.4 Sources of quality problems 60 8.4.1 Camera lighting balance . 60 8.4.2 Lens limitations . 61 8.4.3 Exposure path blockage . 61 8.4.4 Camera voltage s
23、upply . 61 8.4.5 Camera lamp type. 61 8.4.6 Film sensitivity variation 61 8.4.7 Uniformity of paper reflectance. 62 8.4.8 Proximity of reflective surfaces . 62 8.4.9 Stray light 62 8.4.10 Latent image fading. 62 8.4.11 Densitometer variability. 62 8.4.12 Shadows . 63 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND
24、IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL II 8.4.13 Reflections.63 8.4.14 Page movement during exposure .63 8.4.15 Light fog.63 8.5 Density control.63 8.5.1 Reference patches 63 8.5.2 Camera control chart.64 9 Processing the film . 65 9.1 Procedure .65 9.1.1 Conventional processing steps .65 9.1.1.1 Develop.66
25、 9.1.1.2 Wash.66 9.1.1.3 Fix .66 9.1.1.4 Wash.66 9.1.1.5 Dry 66 9.1.2 Temperature control66 9.1.3 Transport speed 67 9.1.4 Solution agitation.67 9.1.5 Replenishment levels 67 9.1.6 Solution carryover .68 9.1.7 Safelights.68 9.2 Processor chemistry68 9.2.1 Water quality68 9.2.2 Chemical mixing 69 9.2
26、.3 Chemical storage 69 9.2.4 Developer replenishment 69 9.2.4.1 Continuous replenishment69 9.2.4.2 Batch replenishment.70 9.2.4.3 Constant liquid level replenishment70 9.2.5 Fixer replenishment.70 9.2.6 Silver recovery.70 9.2.6.1 Fixer70 9.2.6.2 Wash water.71 9.2.6.3 Scrap film71 9.3 Quality conside
27、rations 72 9.3.1 Scratches.72 9.3.2 Tests for residual chemicals72 9.3.2.1 Residual thiosulfate 72 9.3.2.2 Residual silver compounds.73 9.4 Post-processing treatments .73 9.4.1 Toning73 9.4.1.1 Sulfur.73 9.4.1.2 Gold 73 9.4.2 Plastic resin .73 9.5 Process control73 9.5.1 Processor control strips.74
28、9.5.2 Processor control chart .74 10 Inspecting the film. 75 10.1 Inspection technique .75 10.2 Defects 75 10.2.1 Photographic defects.75 10.2.1.1 Density too high77 10.2.1.2 Density too low . 77 10.2.1.3 Irregular areas of low density . 77 10.2.1.4 Fog marks. 77 10.2.1.5 Bromide streaks . 78 10.2.1
29、.6 Milky or cloudy appearance . 78 10.2.1.7 Excessive residual thiosulfate 78 10.2.1.8 Pinkish-blue cast 78 10.2.1.9 Reflections in image . 81 10.2.1.10 Shadows in image 81 10.2.2 Physical defects 81 10.2.2.1 Scratches 81 10.2.2.2 Gouges. 81 10.2.2.3 Rippled edges 81 10.2.2.4 Nicked edges 81 10.2.2.
30、5 Fingerprints. 81 10.2.2.6 Images slightly out of focus 81 10.2.2.7 Images severely out of focus 82 10.2.2.8 Irregular areas out of focus 82 10.2.2.9 Skewed images 82 10.2.2.10 Overlapped frames. 82 10.2.2.11 Erratic spacing 82 10.2.2.12 Incorrect image positioning 82 10.2.2.13 Incorrect reduction
31、ratio 82 10.2.2.14 Reticulation marks 82 10.2.2.15 Water spots 82 10.2.2.16 Algae residue . 82 10.2.3 Editorial defects. 83 10.2.3.1 Missing pages or targets 83 10.2.3.2 Out-of-sequence images 83 10.3 Subjective appearance 83 10.4 Character formation 83 10.5 Practical tests 83 10.5.1 Proofs 84 10.5.
32、2 Reader-printer copies . 84 11 Retakes 84 11.1 Inspection. 84 11.2 Matching film type . 84 11.3 Matching reduction ratio. 84 11.4 Matching format. 84 11.5 Matching density . 84 11.6 Location 84 12 Splicing 84 12.1 Effect of splices on duplication process84 12.1.1 Clearance 85 12.1.2 Dimensions . 85
33、 12.2 Number of splices 85 12.3 Legal considerations. 85 13 Document disposition. 85 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL III14 Duplication. 85 15 Film storage. 85 15.1 Life expectancy (LE) ratings.85 15.2 Temperature .86 15.3 Relative humidity .86 15.4 Pollutants86 15.5 Mi
34、croform enclosures .86 15.6 Intermixing film types86 16 Inspection of stored film. 86 16.1 Procedure .87 16.2 Appearance of deteriorating film .87 16.3 Microblemishes87 16.4 Vinegar syndrome87 Annexes Annex A (informative) Micrographics standards application (sample).89 Annex B (informative) Blank f
35、orms.93 Figures Figure 1 Examples of right- and reverse-reading 4 Figure 2 Examples of positive and negative image polarity5 Figure 3 Levels of microimage quality.6 Figure 4 Effects of underexposure and overexposure 9 Figure 5 Targeting sequence 10 Figure 6 Roll-film formats 11 Figure 7 Orientation
36、of camera film images on the reel 12 Figure 8 Microfiche fo rmat 24/98.16 Figure 9 Indexing methods used on roll film18 Figure 10 Generic planet ary camera.25 Figure 11 Generic pr ocessor.28 Figure 12 ISO Resolution Test Chart No. 2 33 Figure 13 The 8-1/2 in 11 in camera test card for planetary came
37、ra microfilming 35 Figure 14 AIIM X113 Rotary Camera Test Chart .36 Figure 15 Test target Reflectance, resolution, and reduction ratio 37 Figure 16 Microfilm inspection equipment.38 Figure 17 Inspection using black cloth or black paper .40 Figure 18 Sample photomicrograph of a resolution test chart
38、46 Figure 19 Quality Index Chart .49 Figure 20 Example of latent image fade curve64 Figure 21 Example of a processor control chart 76 Figure A.1 Micrographics standards application flowchart (continued next 4 pages). 90 Figure B.1 Information sheet. 93 Figure B.2 Bibliographic target 94 Figure B.3 M
39、icrofilming report. 95 Figure B.4 Inspection report form . 96 Figure B.5 Format check. 97 Figure B.6 Microfilm inspection report 98 Figure B.7 Refilming log 99 Tables Table 1 Density table 7 Table 2 Microfiche formats, document sizes, and reduction ratios 14 Table 3 Planetary roll-film camera (with
40、adjustable film advance) Approximate number of frames for 30.5 m (100 ft) roll of 16 mm or 35 mm film 21 Table 4 Image quality 47 Table 5 Resolution patterns to be resolved on first-generation camera masters when used for three generations 50 Table 6 Levels of in spection . 79 Table 7 Defects classi
41、fication and source guide. 80 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL IV Foreword (This foreword is not part of the American National Standard for Information and Image Management ANSI/AIIM MS23-2004 Standard Recommended Practice Production, Inspection, and Quality Assurance o
42、f First-Generation, Silver Microforms of Documents.) The original ANSI/AIIM MS23-1981 was a combination and a revision of the two National Micrographics Association (NMA) Recommended Practices: Operational Procedures for the Production of Microforms NMA MS110-1974; and Inspection and Quality Control
43、 of First-generation Silver-Halide Microfilm NMA MS104-1972. ANSI/AIIM MS23-1983 updated the 1981 version, and the 1991 revision is the result of the most recent review process. In 1993, the AIIM Quality Control Committee, C10, decided to completely redesign MS23 into a document that was more tutori
44、al in nature. Throughout the document, references will be made to specific and appropriate standards. This revision results from a reexamination of the purpose, scope, and content of the previous standard with a view towards providing technical guidance in the identification, measurement, and evalua
45、tion of quality levels in first-generation silver microforms. The developers of this revision seek to emphasize that overall quality of a microform product involves many factors. The document discusses these factors, identifies quality procedures, and provides a means to measure the end product in t
46、erms of its suitability to serve an identified purpose. The flowchart in (informative) annex A lists many of the essential factors that are necessary to develop and maintain a successful micrographics operation for its intended purposes. Certain international, federal, state, and local regulations m
47、ay require compliance with this document. Many specific uses of microfilm, especially those that involve the microfilming of poor-contrast documents or image digitization, might require higher levels of quality than are indicated in this standard. However, certain minimum standards should be maintai
48、ned to ensure that microfilm quality is adequate for general use. This document identifies minimum quality requirements suitable for most source documents. (Technical specifications, quality levels, targeting requirements, and formatting requirements for microfilm to be scanned or digitized can be f
49、ound in preservation microfilming documents published by the American Library Association and The Research Libraries Group.) Blank forms for use during inspection are included in (informative) annex B and may be copied and used. Suggestions for improving this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Chair, AIIM Standards Board, Association for Information and Image Management International, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910-5603. At the time this recommended pract
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