ANSI ALI LADDER A14.3-2008 Ladders - Fixed - Safety Requirements (with Interpation letter 4 28 2014).pdf

1、ANSI-ASC A14.3-2008Revision of A14.3-2002 American National StandardsAmerican NationalStandard for Ladders Fixed Safety RequirementsCopyright 2008 by ANSI-ASC A14 - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without

2、 the prior written permission of the publisher.ANSI-ASCA14.3-2008Revision of ANSI A14.3 2002American National Standardfor Ladders Fixed Safety RequirementsSecretariatAmerican Ladder Institute Approved October 31, 2008American National Standards Institute, Inc.For information on possible errata sheet

3、s and other ANSI -ASCA14 Standards please refer to the ALI website located at:www.americanladderinstitute.orgCopyright 2008 by ANSI-ASC A14 - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written perm

4、ission of the publisher.An American National Standard implies a consensusof those substantially concerned with its scope andprovisions. An American National Standard is intendedas a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and thegeneral public. The existence of an American NationalStandard does

5、 not in any respect preclude anyone,whether they have approved the standard or not, frommanufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products,processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard.American National Standards are subject to periodicreview and users are cautioned to obtain the late

6、st editionsand errata sheets.The American National Standards Institute does notdevelop standards and will in no circumstances givean interpretation of any American National Standard.Moreover, no persons shall have the right or authorityto issue an interpretation of an American NationalStandard in th

7、e name of the American NationalStandards Institute.CAUTION NOTICE: This American NationalStandard may be revised or withdrawn at anytime.The procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute require that action be taken to reaffirm,revise, or withdraw this standard no later than fiveyears from

8、the date of publication. Purchasers ofAmerican National Standards may receive currentinformation on all standards by calling or writingthe American National Standards Institute.Published byAmerican Ladder Institute401 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611Copyright by ANSI Accredited Standards Commit

9、tee(ASC) A14 All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaAmerican National StandardiiCopyright 2008 by ANSI-ASC A14 - All righ

10、ts reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Forewordiii(This Foreword is not a part of the American NationalStandard A14.3 2008.)This standard is a revision of American N

11、ational SafetyStandard for Fixed Ladders, ANSI A14.3-2002. It isone of a series of seven standards prepared under thesupervision of American National Standards CommitteeASC A14. All seven standards have been developedby subcommittees reporting to American NationalStandards Committee ASC A14. The sub

12、committeesare: A14.l, Portable Wood Ladders; A14.2, MetalLadders; A14.3, Fixed Ladders; A14.4, Job-MadeLadders, A14.5, Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders,A14.7, Mobile Ladder Stands and Mobile Ladder StandPlatforms, and A14.9, Ceiling Mounted Disappearingand Climbing Systems.All seven standards der

13、ive from the original AmericanNational Standard Safety Code for Construction, Careand Use of Ladders, A14, which was first approved in1923. Revisions were approved in 1935, 1948, 1952,1984, 1992, and 2002. Prior to the 1948 revision, theCode contained some treatment of metal and fixedladders. Requir

14、ements for these types of ladders wereremoved from the 1948 revision, which then became theAmerican National Standard for Wood Ladders, ANSIA14.1 1948, because, in the opinion of the committee,the rapid development in the metal ladder field warrantedspecial consideration and treatment of metal ladde

15、rs andfixed ladders (usually metal) in separate standards.Subcommittee A14.3 was created for the purpose ofreviewing the data on fixed ladders originally containedin the Code prior to the 1948 revision, and makingany changes or additions necessary to conform to therequirement of interested groups. T

16、he A14.3 standard wassubmitted to the ASC A14 Committee for letter ballot inDecember of 1955 and approved in 1956. A revision waspublished in 1974, 1984, 1992, and 2002.This revision addresses a new section on ladder securitysystems, and changes to graspability in roof hatches,modifications of ladde

17、r safety systems, maintenance, use and additional figures to assist document users.Suggestions for improvement of this standard will bewelcome. They should be sent to the ASC A14 Committeec/o the American Ladder Institute at 401 N. MichiganAvenue, Chicago, IL 60611. All comments must be senton the O

18、fficial Comment Form that can be found on thelast page of this document. Each comment must includea rationale.Copyright 2008 by ANSI-ASC A14 - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written per

19、mission of the publisher.This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Standards Committee on thesafety requirements for fixed ladders, ASC A14. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all the committee members voted for its approval.

20、At the time it approved this standard, the A14 Committee had the following members:Erick Knox, ChairmanDon Gibson, Vice ChairRon Pietrzak, SecretariatOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Insurance Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George EarhartAmerican Ladder Institute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marc McConnellAmerican Society of Safety Engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnest HarperMichael Lorenzo (Alt)Associated General Contractors of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charles BirdMichele Myers (Alt)Canadian Standards Association .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Walter DickCosco Home and Office Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eric KruseTerry Emer

24、son (Alt)Disappearing Attic Stairway Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dennis WilliamsBrad Hudspeth (Alt)Illinois Association of Building Maintenance Contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . Carl Pedersen James Weil (Alt)International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James TomaseskiInternational Union of Painters and Allied Trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dan PenskiMike Metz (Alt)International Union of Bricklayers b. A wind load on all parts of the ladder;c. The weight of rigging attached to the ladder,including the load to be lifted; andd. Anticipated impact loads resulting from the use ofladder safety systems and

27、 other live loads.4.2.1.3 Live Load Concentration. All live loads shallbe considered to be concentrated at such a point orpoints as will cause the maximum stress in the struc-tural member in question.4.2.2 Live Loads for Platforms. All platforms shall bedesigned for a uniform minimum live load of 10

28、0pounds per square foot over the entire platform area; forthe live loads resulting from ladders secured directly tothe platforms; and for other live loads as indicated in4.2.1.2.4.2.3 Dead Loads4.2.3.1 Ladders. The weight of the ladder and attachedappurtenances shall be considered simultaneouslywith

29、 the live loads in the design of rails, supports,and fastenings.4.2.3.2 Platforms. The weight of the platforms andattached appurtenances, including the dead load of anyportion of the ladder supported by the platform, shallbe considered simultaneously with the live loads in thedesign of platform fram

30、ing supports and fastenings.4.3 Design Stresses and Fabrication.4.3.1 Steel4.3.1.1 Ladders and Platforms. Steel ladders and platforms shall be designed and fabricated in accordancewith the applicable requirements in ANSI/AISC 360-05-2005. Portable steel ladders may be adapted foruse as fixed ladders

31、 provided they meet all therequirements of this standard.4.3.1.2 Materials. Materials conforming to ASTMA36/A36M-2005 or the equivalent shall be used.Higher strength steel may be used, subject to therequirements of ANSI/AISC 360-05-2005.4.3.1.3 Welding. Welding for steel ladders shall conform to all

32、 applicable requirements of ANSI/AISC360-05-2005.4.3.2 Aluminum4.3.2.1 Ladders and Platforms. Aluminum laddersand platforms shall be designed and fabricated inaccordance with the applicable requirements of ADM1 - 2005. Portable aluminum ladders may be adaptedfor use as fixed ladders provided they me

33、et all therequirements of this standard and all live loads.4.3.2.2 Materials. Alloys 6061 or 6063 of appropriatetemper (as defined by ADM 1 - 2005) shall be used.Other aluminum alloys may be used subject to therequirements of ADM 1 - 2005.4.3.2.3 Welding. Welding for aluminum ladders shall conform t

34、o all applicable requirements of ADM 1 2005.4.3.3 Wood4.3.3.1 Wood ladders shall be designed and fabricatedin accordance with applicable requirements of ANSIA14.1-2007, with the following additional restrictions:a. Only single ladders as prescribed in ANSI A14.1-2007 shall be used as fixed wood ladd

35、ers.American National Standard A14.3-20084Copyright 2008 by ANSI-ASC A14 - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.American National Standard A14.3-20085b. Th

36、e design loads shall be as specified in 4.2.c. The minimum clear width between side rails atany point shall not be less that 16 inches, and siderails shall be parallel at all points.d. Fastenings meeting the design load requirementsshall be used for the permanent attachment ofwood ladders to structu

37、res, building, or equipment.4.3.3.2 Wood platforms shall be designed in accor-dance with the allowable stresses and fabricationpractices of National Design Specifications forWood Construction.4.3.4 Other Materials. Materials other than steel, com-posites (materials that perform as well as, or better

38、 than,the specific materials listed), aluminum, and wood maybe used provided6the design, fabrication, and erectionare in accordance with recognized design practice andmeet live loads requirements as specified in 4.2.4.4 Design Supervision. The design of fixed laddersystems shall be under the general

39、 supervision of aqualified registered (licensed) structural or professionalengineer or architect.4.4.1 Markings. All newly installed fixed ladders shallbe stamped, marked or welded with the manufacturername and address, and the date when the fixed ladderwas installed on the inside of the bottom of t

40、he siderailwith a permanent legible marking that will stand up toenvironmental conditions.5. Design Details forFixed Ladders5.1 Steps and Rungs5.1.1 Vertical Spacings: The vertical spacing of the firstrung of climb shall be permitted to be adjusted withinthe range of 14 inches (from ground level, fl

41、oor or roof)at the access level. All vertical spacing of the rungs fromthe center of first rung throughout the length of climbshall be 12 inches and uniform in the same length ofclimb (See Fig. 6).5.1.2 Width. The minimum inside clear width of stepsurface for steps and rungs shall be 16 inches, and

42、thiswidth shall be uniform in the same length of climb(See Fig. 6).5.1.3 Minimum Size of Steps and Rungs5.1.3.1 General. The following are general requirementsfor the minimum size of steps and rungs:a. The minimum size (cross section) requirementsof steps and rungs specified in 5.1.3 are based onsec

43、tion properties adequate to support the designloads specified in 4.2 and on the minimum clearwidth specified in 5.1.2.b. For additional load concentrations or attachmentof ladder safety systems, and for clear widthsexceeding 16 inches, the minimum size (crosssection) of steps and rungs shall be incr

44、eased inaccordance with recognized design practice.c. In no case shall the minimum size (cross section)of steps and rungs be less than inch, as specifiedin 5.1.3.2 (a), regardless of the material used.d. The size (cross section) of steps and rungs shall beuniform in the same length of climb.e. Steps

45、 and rungs shall be parallel and level.5.1.3.2 Steel Ladders. The minimum sizes (crosssections) of steps and rungs fabricated of steelconforming to ASTM A36/A36M-2005 shall be as follows:a. For ladders subject to normal atmosphericexposures, -inch-diameter solid bar, or theequivalent in strength for

46、 square, rectangular,or other solid shapes is required.b. For ladders subject to unusually corrosiveatmospheric exposures, 1-inch-diameter solidbar, or the equivalent in strength for square,rectangular, or other solid shapes, is required.5.1.3.3 Aluminum Ladders. The minimum size ofaluminum structur

47、al components shall be determinedin accordance with the provisions of ADM 1 2005.In cases where the ladders are subjected to corrosiveatmospheric exposure or placed in contact withdissimilar materials, the aluminum shall be treated inaccordance with the requirements of ADM 1 - 2005.5.1.3.4 Ladders o

48、f Other Metals. The minimumcross section as specified in 5.1.3.2 may be modified(subject to the requirement of 5.1.3.1 (c) by a factorthat shall be the ratio of the allowable unit stress forsteel conforming to ASTM A36/A36M-2005 to theallowable unit stress for the type and shape of theother metal(s)

49、 used.5.1.3.5 Wood Ladders. The minimum cross section ofwooden steps and rungs shall be as specified in ANSIA14.1-2007. 5.1.4 Rung Ends5.1.4.1 Step-and Rung-Type Ladders. Step-and rung-type ladders of steel, aluminum, and other metalsshall have each step or rung end securely fastened tothe side rails so as to fully develop the strength of the6 Available from ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103Copyright 2008 by ANSI-ASC A14 - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without