ANSI American Society of Safety Engineers A1264.2-2012 Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking Working Surfaces.pdf

1、Printed in U.S.A.ASSEAMERICAN SOCIETY OFSAFETY ENGINEERSAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDANSI/ASSE A1264.2 2012ANSI/ASSE A1264.2 2012 Provision of Slip Resistanceon Walking/Working SurfacesANSI/ASSE A1264.2 2012The information and materials contained in this publication have been developed from sources bel

2、ieved to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI accredited A1264 Committee or individual committee members accept no legal responsibility for the correctness or completeness of this material or its application to specific factual situations.

3、By publication of this standard, ASSE or the A1264 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons, or preserve property. ANSI ANSI/ASSE A1264.2 2012 American National Standard Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces

4、 Secretariat American Society of Safety Engineers 1800 East Oakton Street Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187 Approved December 19, 2012 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus,

5、and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple ma

6、jority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he/she

7、has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstance give an interpretation of any American National

8、Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretation should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of

9、this standard. Caution Notice: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may

10、receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published February, 2013 by American Society of Safety Engineers 1800 East Oakton Street Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187 (847) 699-2929 www.asse.org Copyright 2013 by American Society of Sa

11、fety Engineers All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America American National Standard Foreword (This Foreword is not a pa

12、rt of American National Standard A1264.2 2012.) As an accredited standard developer, ASSE was approved to act as secretariat for the development of the standard. The American National Standard A1264.1-1995: Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railing Systems, as wel

13、l as many regional model-building codes, OSHA regulations and other ANSI standards use the term slip resistance. The perceived need for this standard was to further define the term slip resistance, and to set forth common and accepted practices for providing reasonably safe walking/working surfaces.

14、 A1264.2 has taken a step in addressing this need and formalizing a voluntary consensus standard, which would allow businesses and industry to advance the art of measuring slip resistance on walking/working surfaces, thereby enabling safer workplaces. The scientific investigation of pedestrian safet

15、y, by measuring the frictional resistances of walkway surfaces/materials to obtain data and aid in the formulation of a walkway safety code in the U.S., began in the 1920s by R.B. Hunter under project A-22 of the American Standards Association (now ANSI), with subsequent research study fellowships a

16、t the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute for Standards and Technology - NIST). Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific studies of pedestrian safety, and many slip resistance testing devices have been developed. Additional standards and related research initiatives hav

17、e also been undertaken by universities, consensus writing bodies, testing and research facilities, and independent researchers. These studies ultimately produced more questions than answers. However, one common problem was the difficulty in developing an acceptable tribometric device, which would pr

18、oduce valid, reliable and reproducible results in a field setting under both wet and dry conditions. The phenomena of adhesion (involving dry surfaces) and sticktion (involving wet surfaces) are associated with devices that sit on a surface for a period of time before slipping occurs (known as resid

19、ence time or dwell time). Dwell times as short as 0.2 seconds have been known to result in these phenomena. Adhesion and sticktion can result in higher slipmeter readings than would be obtained on the same surface if testing occurs when the test foot and the walkway surfaces make contact with no dwe

20、ll time. This difference is especially evident under wet conditions. Devices that avoid sticktion by applying the horizontal and vertical force components simultaneously (thereby avoiding residence time) make them suitable for testing under wet as well as dry conditions. There are three basic areas

21、addressed in the standard: 1) provisions for reducing hazards; 2) test procedures and equipment; and 3) slip resistance guidelines. The committee is aware of standards activities, which have been in development for many years with regard to test procedures and equipment, and opted to reference those

22、 standards in keeping with the advancements in this area. The E11.2 section of the standard is offered as a guideline, which goes a step beyond that which has previously been considered to be vague and ambiguous. The intent of this standard is to help in the reduction of falls due to conditions, whi

23、ch in some fashion are manageable. The standards committee offers this standard as the state of the art, however continuing developments are to be expected, and revisions of the standard will be necessary as tribometric science progresses. It is felt, however, that guidelines and recommendations are

24、 very much needed and that the standard in its present form provides for the minimum performance requirements necessary for increased safety on walking/working surfaces in the workplace. At the time the ANSI A1264.2 standard was approved as an American National Standard; the A1264 Accredited Standar

25、ds Committee consisted of the following members: Keith Vidal, P.E., Chair Lawrence Oldendorf, P.E., Vice Chair Timothy R. Fisher, CSP, CHMM, ARM, CPEA, Secretary Jennie Dalesandro, Administrative Technical Support Organization Represented Name of Representative American Society of Safety Engineers L

26、awrence E. Oldendorf, P.E. Arthur J. Gallagher Footwear traction properties; Environmental factors (e.g., contami-nants such as water, oil); Human factors (e.g., gait, human activity, psychological and physiological conditions of the walker). This standard addresses the first three factors, which ar

27、e more readily controlled by management. 2. SCOPE, PURPOSE AND APPLI-CATION E2 For additional information about safety requirements for walking/working surfaces and their access, refer to ANSI A1264.1. Trips are a prominent cause of falls and are also addressed in A1264.1, ASTM F1637 and ANSI/ICC A1

28、17.1. 2.1 Scope. This standard sets forth provisions for protecting persons where AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A1264.2 2012 9 there is potential for slips and falls as a result of surface characteristics or conditions. 2.2 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish provisions for reasonably

29、 safe working and walking environments for persons pursuing foreseeable activities. 2.3 Application. This standard is intended to apply primarily to the protection of employees in workplace situations. It does not apply to construction, residential occupancies, floating roof tanks or marine dock fac

30、ilities. E2.3 The specifications of this standard contemplate the ability of employers to exercise a higher degree of control over workers than members of the public (e.g., controls such as footwear specification). The general public can realize benefits from application of this standard. However, b

31、ecause less control can be exercised, standards needed for the protection of the public may exceed the specifications contained herein. 3. OTHER STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL REPORTS ANSI/ICC A117.1, Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities ANSI Z535.2, Standard for Environmental and Facilities Safe

32、ty Signs ANSI Z353.3, Criteria for Safety Symbols ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railing Systems ANSI/ASSE Z490.1, Accepted Practices for Safety, Health and Environmental Training ASTM F1646, Standard Terminology Relating to Safety and Tracti

33、on for Footwear ASTM F695, Standard Practice for Ranking of Test Data Obtained for Measurement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole, Heel or Related Materials ASTM F1240, Standard Guide for Ranking Footwear Bottom Materials on Contami-nated Walkway Surfaces According to Slip AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDAR

34、D A1264.2 2012 10 Resistance Test Results ASTM F802, Standard Guide for Selection of Certain Walkway Surfaces When Considering Footwear Traction ASTM F1637, Standard Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces ASTM F2508, Standard Practice for Validation and Calibration of Walkway Tribometers Using Reference

35、 Surfaces ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3, Using Variable Angle Tribometers (VAT) for Measurement of the Slip Resistance of Walkway Surfaces ASTM F1694, Standard Guide for Composing Walkway Surface Evaluation and Incident Report Forms for Slips, Stumbles, Trips and Falls 4. DEFINITIONS E4 Also see ASTM F1646,

36、Standard Terminology Relating to Safety and Traction for Footwear. 4.1 Adhesion. The tendency of two surfaces in forceful contact to stick together. The resulting increased resistance to slipping may become greater as residence time increases. 4.2 Barricade. A physical obstruction that is intended t

37、o warn and limit access to a hazardous area. E4.2 Examples of barricades include: warning tape, cones or screens; floor to ceiling enclosures; portable shields; railing systems; half-walls; dikes, etc. The degree of control depends on the severity of the hazard or exposure. 4.3 Contaminant. Any subs

38、tance on a surface that affects traction performance. E4.3 Water, dirt grease, oil and dust are commonly recognized contaminants. 4.4 Residence Time or Dwell Time. The period of time between initial footwear or test pad contact with the walkway or test surface and the instant that relative motion is

39、 initiated. E4.4 Residence time produces adhesion and sticktion. Slip meters, which apply the vertical and horizontal force components simultaneously avoid sticktion on wet or contaminated surfaces and adhesion on dry surfaces. Refer to ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3, Using Variable Angle Tribometers (VAT) fo

40、r Measurement of the Slip Resistance of Walkway Surfaces, for additional information AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A1264.2 2012 11 on Variable Angle Tribometers (VAT). 4.5 Slip. A sliding motion due to loss of traction on a walkway surface (floor, stair tread, pavement). 4.6 Slip Resistance. The tenden

41、cy of two surfaces in contact to resist relative motion under prevailing conditions. 4.7 Sticktion. A phenomenon in which a liquid film is squeezed out of the interface between the shoe bottom and the walkway surface as a result of residence time. E4.7 Slip resistance may be affected by the presence

42、 of a contaminant on a surface. Sticktion can result in slip meter readings that are unexpectedly high under wet conditions. 4.8 Trip. An interruption of ones gait because of an obstruction or an irregularity in or on a surface. 4.9 Tribometry. The measurement of floor slip resistance or shoe tracti

43、on properties on a walking surface. 4.10 Walkway Surfaces. Interior and exterior walking surfaces constructed and intended for pedestrian use, including but not limited to floors, ramps, sidewalks, stair treads and paved areas reasonably fore-seeable as pedestrian paths. E4.10 Roofs and other surfac

44、es that are walked upon under normal foreseeable operations should be given consideration. 5. FOOTWEAR APPLICATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS E5 See American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM F695, Standard Practice for Ranking of Test Data Obtained for Measurement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole,

45、 Heel or Related Materials, and ASTM F1240, Standard Guide for Ranking Footwear Bottom Materials on Contaminated Walkway Surfaces According to Slip Resistance Test Results. 5.1 Footwear Traction Properties. In environments where footwear selection can reasonably be controlled, consideration shall be

46、 given to slip resistance of footwear to maximize traction, including the required use of slip resistant footwear or overshoes when liquid contaminants are anticipated. 5.2 Foreseeable Conditions. Fore-seeable conditions in the walking/working E5.2 Factors that should be considered include but are n

47、ot limited to: Type of AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A1264.2 2012 12 environment shall be considered in the footwear selection process. flooring, potential contaminating substances (whether process or environmental in nature) and the type of tasks required or performed in the walking/working environ-me

48、nt. 5.3 Traction Considerations. Foot-wear traction shall be considered for the foreseeable walking/working tasks to be performed in the work environment. E5.3 Selection qualities include: slip resistance, tread design, tread hardness, shape of sole and heel, abrasion resistance, oil resistance, che

49、mical resistance and heat resistance. It may be useful to test footwear sole materials/patterns in accordance with ASTM F2913, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Friction for Evaluation of Slip Performance of Footwear and Test Surfaces/Flooring Using a Whole Shoe Tester, or with a tribometer meeting the requirements of ASTM F2508, Standard Practice for Validation, Calibration, and Certification of Walkway Tribometers Using Reference Surfaces, and operated in accordance with this standard. 6. LIGHTING E6 The following are resources for designing