ANSI American Society of Safety Engineers Z9.4-2011 Abrasive-Blasting Operations - Ventilation and Safe Practices for Fixed Location Enclosures.pdf

1、BY THE ANSI/AIHA Z9.4 SUBCOMMITTEEA Publication by American Industrial Hygiene AssociationANSI/AIHA Z9.42011 Abrasive-Blasting Operations Ventilation and Safe Practices for Fixed Location EnclosuresPlease note the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) is now the Secretariat of the Z9 ASC and h

2、olds the copyright to this standard.American Society of Safety Engineerswww.asse.orgASSEANSI/AIHAZ9.42011American National Standard Abrasive-Blasting Operations Ventilation and Safe Practices for Fixed Location EnclosuresSecretariatAmerican Industrial Hygiene AssociationApproved: April 15, 2011Ameri

3、can National Standards Institute, Inc.Copyright AIHA For personal use only. Do not distribute.Please note the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) is now the Secretariat of the Z9 ASC and holds the copyright to this standard.American Society of Safety Engineerswww.asse.orgAmericanNationalStan

4、dardApproval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI thatthe requirement for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approvalhave been met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board ofStandards Review, substantial agreeme

5、nt has been reached by directly andmaterially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than asimple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that allviews and objection be considered, and that a concerted effort be madetoward their resolution.The use of American N

6、ational Standards is completely voluntary. Their exis-tence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she hasapproved the Standards, or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, orusing products, processors, or procedures not conforming to the Standards.The American National Stand

7、ards Institute does not develop standards andwill in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American NationalStandard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue aninterpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. Req

8、uests for interpretations should be addressedto the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of thisstandard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or with-drawn at any time. The procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute require that action be

9、taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw thisStandard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers ofAmerican National Standards may receive current information on all standardsby calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.Published byAmerican Industrial Hygiene Ass

10、ociation2700 Prosperity Ave., Suite 250Fairfax, VA 22031www.aiha.orgCopyright 2011 by the American Industrial Hygiene AssociationAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the

11、publisher.Printed in the United States of America.Stock No: IVEA11-770ISBN: 978-1-935082-29-3Copyright AIHA For personal use only. Do not distribute.FOREWORD (This foreword is not part of ANSI/AIHAZ9.42011)This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Z9 Accredited StandardsC

12、ommittee on Health and Safety Standards for Ventilation Systems. Committee approval of theStandard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the timeit approved this Standard, the Z9 Committee had the following members:T. C. Smith, ChairT. Knutson, PE, Vice Cha

13、irMili Mavely, Secretariat RepresentativeOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAlliance of American Insurers S. Ecoff American Chemical Society D. Walters American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists G. Knutson American Foundrymens Society R. Scholz American Society of Heating,

14、 Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers T.C. Smith American Society of Safety Engineers P. Osley Massachusetts Institute of Technology L.J. DiBerardinis National Association of Metal Finishers K.C. Hankinson National Spray Equipment Manufacturers Association D.R. Scarborough U.S. Department o

15、f Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration I. WainlessIndividual MembersSubcommittee Z9.4 on Exhaust Systems: Abrasive-Blasting Operations Ventilation and SafePractices for Fixed Location Enclosures, which developed this standard, had the following mem-bers:Kathleen Paulson, ChairCrescent

16、e FigueroaJohn LlibreMark RollinsMichael MarthensEllen PomerD. Blackburn D.J. Burton S. Crooks C. Figueroa S.J. Gunsel L. Hathon T. Knutson N. McManus D. OBrien K. Paulson E. Pomer J.M. Price J.C. Rock M. Rollins J.W. SheehyCopyright AIHA For personal use only. Do not distribute.ANSI/AIHA Z9.42011Co

17、ntentsPage 1. Scope and Purpose11.1 General11.2 Selection of Abrasive and Equipment .12. Referenced Standards and Publications22.1 General22.2 American National Standards22.3 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards and Guidance.32.4 Other Publications .33. Definitions.54. Dust Hazard

18、s from Abrasive Blasting 84.1 Dust Sources and Hazards .94.2 Types of Abrasives 94.3 Types of Coatings104.4 Wet Abrasive Blasting104.5 Carbon Dioxide Pellet Blasting 104.6 Concentration of Contaminants.114.7 Use of Combustible Abrasives 115. Blasting Enclosures135.1 Construction 135.2 Exhaust Ventil

19、ation 135.3 Make-up Air .135.4 Booth Operations .135.5 Observation Window 135.6 Access Openings .145.7 Blasting Cabinet Gloves .145.8 Nozzle 145.9 Grounding 146. Exhaust Ventilation Systems 146.1 Exhaust Systems Principles15 6.2 Abrasive Separator166.3 Dust-Collecting Equipment166.4 Disposal of Wast

20、e177. Personal Protective Equipment 187.1 Respiratory Protection Program .187.2 Personal Protective Clothing and Shoes.197.3 Eye Protection .207.4 Hearing Protection.20 8 Air Supply and Air Compressors (Breathing Air Supply) .209 Operational Procedures and General Safety .219.1 Housekeeping219.2 Pre

21、ssurized Tanks for Abrasive Supply .219.3 Nozzles219.4 Cold Weather Tempered Air 229.5 Design Specifications for Pressure Vessels Used in Abrasive Blasting22Appendix A: Exhaust Rates, Air Velocities, and Ventilation.23Appendix B: Audit Form.26Copyright AIHA For personal use only. Do not distribute.A

22、merican National Standard for Exhaust Systems Abrasive-Blasting Operations Ventilation and Safe Practicesfor Fixed Location EnclosuresAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AIHAZ9.4201111. Scope and Purpose1.1 General. This standard applies to alloperations in fixed location abrasive-blastenclosures in whi

23、ch an abrasive forciblycomes in contact with a surface by pneu-matic or hydraulic pressure or by cen-trifugal force. It does not apply to steamblasting, steam cleaning, or hydrauliccleaning methods in which work is donewithout the aid of abrasives. It also doesnot apply to abrasive blasting conducte

24、doutdoors (e.g., bridges, water towers)even though temporary enclosures maybe built at such locations.The final criterion for the designed equip-ments performance and operation willpreclude any accident, health hazards, orviolation of governmental regulations.The exhaust ventilation must: keep the e

25、scape of dust from theenclosure to a minimum; maintain a reasonable visibility inblast-cleaning rooms and cabinets,and provide for rapid clearance of thedust-laden air within the enclosureafter the cessation of blasting to per-mit the enclosure to be opened.1.2 Selection of Abrasive and Equipment.Pr

26、ohibit the use of silica sand as anabrasive-blasting agent.1. Scope and Purpose1.1 General. The rules and principles estab-lished in this standard are intended toprotect employees engaged or working inthe vicinity of abrasive blasting in fixedlocation enclosures from: 1) significantrisk of health im

27、pairment; and 2) physicalinjury due to explosions, high velocityjets of abrasive-blasting particles, ormoving equipment involved in abrasiveblasting.1.2 Selection of Abrasive and Equipment.Each type of abrasive and equipmenthas its particular advantages in produc-ing the quality of work desired, and

28、 theselection depends on the specificrequirements of the user. From a healthstandpoint silica sand is currently themost hazardous abrasive commonlyused. Therefore, with the single excep-tion of prohibiting the use of silica sandas an abrasive-blasting agent, no rule orCopyright AIHA For personal use

29、 only. Do not distribute.ANSI/AIHAZ9.4201122 Referenced Standards and Publications2.1 General. The following regulations, stan-dards, and guidelines contain provisionsthat, through reference in this text, con-stitute provisions of this AmericanNational Standard.2.2 ANSI/AIHAZ9.22006, FundamentalsGov

30、erning the Design and Operation ofLocal Exhaust systems(1)ANSI/AIHAZ9.72007 Recirculation ofAir from Industrial Process ExhaustSystemsANSI Z87.12003, Occupational andEducational Personal Eye and FaceProtection Devices(2)ANSI/NFPA 912004, Standard forExhaust Systems for Air Conveying ofVapors, Gases,

31、 Mists, andNoncombustible Particulate Solids(4)suggestion is given in this standard forthe selection of a particular abrasive orequipment. If properly designed equipment is operatedand maintained in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations, all typesof abrasives and equipment can be usedsafe

32、ly; however, the health hazards of sili-ca sand to abrasive-blasting operators issufficiently severe to prohibit its use, sincefeasible alternative abrasives are available.Abrasives that create minimum hazardsshould be used whenever feasible.The presence of silica sand or crystallinesilica as a cont

33、aminant on or a compo-nent of the object being subjected toabrasive blasting (e.g., mold sand adher-ing to a casting, stone with crystalline sil-ica content) is not prohibited by this stan-dard. Reasonable efforts should be madeto minimize the amount of silica sandcontamination on the work, however.

34、2 Referenced Standards and Publications2.1 General. At the time of publication, theeditions indicated were current. All stan-dards and guidelines are subject to revi-sion, and users of this American NationalStandard are encouraged to consult themost recent editions of the standardsand guidelines lis

35、ted below and applythem when feasible.Copyright AIHA For personal use only. Do not distribute.ANSI/AIHAZ9.420113NFPA 6542006, Standard for thePrevention of Fire and Dust Explosionsfrom the Manufacturing, Processing, andHandling of Combustible ParticulateSolids.(4)ANSI/NFPA 612008, Standard for thePr

36、evention of Fires and Dust Explosionsin Agricultural and Food ProcessingFacilities.(4)ANSI/NFPA 682007, Standard onExplosion Protection by DeflagrationVenting.(4)ANSI/NFPA 692008, Standard onExplosion Prevention Systems.(4)ANSI/NFPA 702011, National ElectricCode.(4)2.3 Occupational Safety and Health

37、Administration Standards andGuidanceCode of Federal Regulations, Title 29,Part 1910, Section 1000, “PermissibleExposure Limits.”Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29,Part 1910, Section 94, Paragraph (a),“Abrasive Blasting Ventilation.”Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29,Part 1910, Section 244, Par

38、agraph (b),“Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles.”Compliance DirectiveOSHA CPL 03-00-008, Combustible Dust NationalEmphasis Program, 3/11/2008.OSHA Status Report Combustible DustNational Emphasis Program 10/2009 andannually. 2.4 Other PublicationsAIHAZ88.21992, Respiratory Protection.ASHRAE, HVAC Applica

39、tions, IndustrialAir Conditioning (2007).(5)NFPA 654 is the primary standard that appliesto combustible abrasive blast systems.However, parts of NFPA 91, 68, and 69 arealso referenced.Publication is in revisionPublished every four years.Copyright AIHA For personal use only. Do not distribute.ANSI/AI

40、HAZ9.420114Compressed Gas AssociationCompressed Air for Human Respiration(G-7-2003). (3)Compressed Gas AssociationCommodity Specification for Air (CGA G-7.1-2004).(3)ASTM F2413-05 Standard Specificationfor Performance Requirements for FootProtection(6)Industrial Ventilation A Manual ofRecommended Pr

41、actice for Design, 27thedition. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 2010.(7)Industrial Ventilation A Manual ofRecommended Practice for Operationand Maintenance Design, 1stEdition.Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 2007.(7)Threshold Limit Values for ChemicalSubstances and Physical Agents andBiological Exposure Indices. Cinci

42、nnati,OH: ACGIH.(7)Workplace Environmental ExposureLevel Guides. Fairfax, VA: AIHA.(1)Criteria for a Recommended Standard .Occupational Exposure to CrystallineSilica (HEW Publication No. NIOSH 75-120).(8)NIOSH Alert Request for Assistance inPreventing Silicosis and Deaths fromSandblasting (DHHS NIOS

43、H PublicationNo. 92-102).(8)ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Sec VIII Section 1I (9)ISO 7708: 1995 Air quality, Particle SizeRelated Sampling Fraction Definitions forHealth(10)To be used with GA G-7.1-2004.Published every three years.Published approximately every three years.Published annually.P

44、ublished annually.Sections for reference: U-2 (a), UG21, UG-22,UG-23, UG-98, UG-99, and associated tables.This list is intended as a guideline to establishpoints of reference in design requirements, notas a comprehensive list. Due to its scope, a com-plete list of subsections would be prohibitive.Co

45、pyright AIHA For personal use only. Do not distribute.ANSI/AIHAZ9.4201153 DefinitionsAbrasive: A collection of discrete, solidparticles that when impinged on a surfacecleans, removes surface coatings, orimproves the quality of or otherwise pre-pares to modify the characteristics ofthat surface, eith

46、er by impact or friction.Abrasive blasting: The forcible applica-tion of an abrasive to a surface by pneu-matic pressure, hydraulic pressure, orcentrifugal force.Abrasive-blasting respirator: An airlinerespiratory protective device operatingeither in the continuous flow or positivepressure mode, tha

47、t protects the abra-sive blaster by reducing exposure via theinhalation route to toxic substanceswhether they are the abrasive-blastingagent or materials removed by the abra-sive-blasting process. This type of respi-rator is also constructed so that it coversthe head, neck, and shoulders to protectt

48、he wearer from rebounding abrasives.Aerosol: Particles, whether solid (e.g.,dusts, fumes) or liquid (e.g., mists,sprays), dispersed in air which are suffi-ciently small in diameter (0.01100 m)to remain suspended for a significantperiod of time.Airline respirator: A device consisting ofa facepiece, h

49、elmet, or hood to whichclean air is supplied to the wearerthrough a small-diameter hose from asource not on the wearers body.Automatic equipment: automatic fireand explosion suppression equipment. Blasting barrel: An enclosed containerfor workpieces that rotates on an axis orhas an internal moving tread to tumble3 DefinitionsExamples of abrasives include but are notlimited to the following: aluminum oxide,crushed glass, dry ice, glass bead, plastic,silicon carbide and sodium bicarbonate.When blasting with carbo