ANSI ASA S1.1-2013 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology《声学术语》.pdf

1、 ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 (Revision of ANSI S1.1-1994) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Acoustical Terminology Accredited Standards Committee S1, Acoustics Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 35 Pinelawn Road, Suite 114 E Melville, NY 11747-3177ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 The American National Standards

2、Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the national coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A. for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an organization of scientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and dif

3、fuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications. ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 (Revision of ANSI S1.1-1994) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Acoustical Terminology Secretariat: Acoustical Society of America Approved on October 14, 2013 by: American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstrac

4、t This standard provides definitions for a wide variety of terms, abbreviations, and letter symbols used in acoustics and electroacoustics. Terms of general use in all branches of acoustics are defined, as well as many terms of special use for architectural acoustics, acoustical instruments, mechani

5、cal vibration and shock, physiological and psychological acoustics, underwater sound, sonics and ultrasonics, and music. . 2013 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited S

6、tandards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, S3/SC 1 on Animal Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, trade associations, organizations with a general interest

7、, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America as American National Standards after approval by their respective Standards Committees and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These standards are developed and published as a public ser

8、vice to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the Accredited Standards Committees (operating in accordance with procedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its ow

9、n Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards

10、 by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial

11、 agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use

12、 of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: Thi

13、s American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society of America ASA Secretariat 35 Pinelawn Road, Suite 114E Melvi

14、lle, New York 11747-3177 Telephone: 1 (631) 390-0215 Fax: 1 (631) 390-0217 E-mail: asastdsaip.org 2013 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provision

15、s of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acoustical Society of America. 2013 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iContents 1 Scope 1 2 General 1 3 Levels 11 4 Oscillatio

16、n, vibration, and shock 18 5 Transmission and propagation 23 6 Transducers and linear systems . 28 7 Acoustical apparatus and instruments 36 8 Underwater acoustics 45 9 Sonics and ultrasonic testing . 48 10 Architectural acoustics . 51 11 Physiological and psychological acoustics 58 12 Musical acous

17、tics . 63 Bibliography 68 Index . 69 Tables Table 1 Resonance relations . 19 Table 2 Interval comparisons in different mathematical tuning systems . 66 Table 3 Frequencies in hertz (Hz) and frequency levels in semitones counted (sc) up from C0for the usual equal-tempered scale. Subscripts by octaves

18、 above C0. C0approximately equals 16.352 Hz so that A4= 440 Hz exactly 67 2013 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiForeword This Foreword is for information only, and is not a part of the American National Standard ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology.

19、 This standard comprises a part of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in acoustics. It was developed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee S1, Acoustics, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the American National Standa

20、rds Institute (ANSI). The Scope of Accredited Standards Committee S1 is as follows: Standards, specifications, methods of measurement and test, and terminology in the field of physical acoustics, including architectural acoustics, electroacoustics, sonics and ultrasonics, and underwater sound, but e

21、xcluding those aspects which pertain to biological safety, tolerances, and comfort. This standard is a revision of ANSI S1.1-1994, which has been technically revised. At the time this Standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S1, Acoustics for approval, the membership was as follows:

22、P.J. Battenberg, Chair R.J. Peppin, Vice-Chair S.B. Blaeser, Secretary Acoustical Society of America A.H. Marsh P.D. Schomer (Alt.) Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute S. Lind D. Abbate (Alt.) American Industrial Hygiene Association D. Driscoll D. Sandfort (Alt.) Campanella Associa

23、tes A.J. Campanella Casella USA R. Brauch ETS-Lindgren Acoustic Systems D. Winker M. Black (Alt.) G.R.A.S. Sound FAX: 631-390-0217; E-mail: asastdsaip.org. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 2013 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 1 American National Standard Acoustical Ter

24、minology 1 Scope This American National Standard provides definitions for terms used in acoustics and electroacoustics. Many terms apply to all branches of acoustics. A number of general terms from the fields of architectural acoustics, engineering acoustics, physical acoustics, physiological and ps

25、ychological acoustics, sonics and ultrasonics, underwater sound, and music are also provided. Specialized terms relating to the field of vibration and shock and to the fields of psychoacoustics and bioacoustics are contained in Standards listed among the general references. Definitions provided in t

26、his Standard are intended to be consistent with their counterparts in International Standards. Terms defined in an earlier edition of this Standard for the field of recording and reproducing sound are not provided in this edition because they are more properly a subject for other Standards. 2 Genera

27、l 2.01 sound. (a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a). NOTE 1 No

28、t all sounds evoke an auditory sensation, e.g., ultrasound or infrasound. Not all auditory sensations are evoked by sound, e.g., tinnitus. NOTE 2 The medium in which the sound exists is often indicated by an appropriate adjective, e.g., air-borne, water-borne, or structure-borne. 2.02 ultrasound. So

29、und at frequencies greater than 20 kHz. NOTE A frequency of 20 kHz is the limit of the approximate upper range of human hearing. 2.03 infrasound. Sound at frequencies less than 20 Hz. NOTE A frequency of 20 Hz is the approximate lower limit of the range of human hearing. 2.04 acoustics. (a) Science

30、of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with respect to auditory effects. 2.05 acoustic, acoustical. Qualifying adjectives meaning containing, producing, arisi

31、ng from, actuated by, related to, or associated with sound. Acoustic is used when the term being qualified designates something that has the properties, dimensions, or physical characteristics associated with sound waves; acoustical is used when the term being qualified does not designate explicitly

32、 something that has such properties, dimensions, or physical characteristics. NOTE 1 Examples that should use the qualifying adjective acoustic are impedance, inertance, load (radiation field), output (sound power), energy, wave, medium, signal, absorptivity, and transducer. ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 2013

33、Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 2 NOTE 2 Examples not having the requisite physical characteristics and that therefore should use the qualifying adjective acoustical are: society, method, engineer, school, glossary, symbol, problem, measurement, point of view, end-use, device, and

34、standard. NOTE 3 Generic terms are usually modified by acoustical, whereas acoustic applies to terms with specific technical implication. 2.06 oscillation. Variation, usually with time, of the value of a quantity with respect to a specified reference when the value is alternately greater and less th

35、an the reference. 2.07 vibration. Mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic or random. SOURCE ANSI/ASA S2.1-2009/ISO 2041:2009, 2.1. 2.08 acoustic variable. Time varying or oscillatory acoustic quantity; examples are acoustic pressure and vibrational accele

36、ration. 2.09 periodic quantity. Oscillating quantity whose values identically recur at equal increments of the independent variable. NOTE 1 If v is a function f of time t, and if Ttftfv , for all values of t, where and T are constants, then v is a periodic quantity. NOTE 2 In general, a periodic fun

37、ction can be expanded into a Fourier series of the form 01 1 2 2sin( ) sin(2 ) . ,yA A ta A ta where , a positive constant, equals 2 divided by the period T, and A0, Aiand ai(i = 1,2,3) are real constants which may be positive, negative, or zero. 2.10 period. Smallest increment of time for which a p

38、eriodic function repeats itself; the duration of one cycle. 2.11 cycle. Complete sequence of values of a periodic quantity that occurs during a period. 2.12 frequency. The rate of change with time of the instantaneous phase of a sine function divided by 2, with the dimensions of cycles per second or

39、 hertz (Hz). 2.13 fundamental frequency. For a function periodic in time, the reciprocal of the period. Unit, hertz (Hz). NOTE See also 4.20 and 12.04. 2.14 angular frequency. Frequency multiplied by 2. Unit, radian per second; symbol, . 2.15 audio frequency. Frequency of a sound wave nominally audi

40、ble to humans. Unit, hertz (Hz). NOTE 1 Audio frequencies range roughly from 15 Hz to 20 kHz. NOTE 2 The word “audio“ may be used as a modifier to indicate a device or system intended to operate at audio frequencies, e.g., “audio amplifier.“ ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 2013 Acoustical Society of America All

41、rights reserved 32.16 ultrasonic frequency. Frequency greater than 20 kHz, the nominal upper range of human hearing. Unit, hertz (Hz). NOTE The term “ultrasonic“ may be used as a modifier to indicate a device or system intended to operate at an ultrasonic frequency. 2.17 infrasonic frequency. Freque

42、ncy less than 20 Hz, the nominal lower range of human hearing. Unit, hertz (Hz). NOTE 1 The term “infrasonic“ may be used to indicate a device or system intended to operate at an infrasonic frequency. NOTE 2 The frequency range is often that between 1 Hz and 20 Hz when physiological effects are disc

43、ussed. 2.18 peak-to-peak value. Algebraic difference between extremes of an oscillating quantity. 2.19 simple harmonic quantity. Quantity that is a sinusoidal function of the independent variable. NOTE 1 For temporal variability, tAy sin , where y is the simple harmonic quantity, A is the amplitude,

44、 is the angular frequency, and is the starting phase of the oscillation. NOTE 2 For spatial variability, kxAy sin , where y is the simple harmonic quantity, A is the amplitude, k is the wave number, and is the starting phase of the oscillation. NOTE 3 The maximum value of a simple harmonic quantity

45、is amplitude A; for emphasis it is sometimes called the single amplitude to distinguish it from the double amplitude which for a simple harmonic quantity is the same as the total excursion or peak-to-peak value. 2.20 amplitude. Magnitude of the largest departure from its equilibrium value of an acou

46、stic variable. 2.21 simple harmonic motion. Motion such that the displacement is a sinusoidal function of time. 2.22 phase of a periodic quantity. For a particular value of an independent variable, the fractional part of a period through which the independent variable has advanced, measured from an

47、arbitrary reference. NOTE The arbitrary reference is generally so chosen as to be less than unity. In the case of a simple harmonic quantity, the reference is often taken as the last previous passage through zero instantaneous value from the negative to positive direction. 2.23 phase. A reference an

48、gle for the argument of a sine (or cosine) function. 2.24 instantaneous phase. The argument of a sine (or cosine) function at any given time. For the temporal function in NOTE 1 of 2.19, t is the instantaneous phase. 2.25 starting phase. The phase for time zero. For the functions in NOTE 1 and NOTE

49、2 of 2.19, is the starting phase. 2.26 wave. Disturbance such that the quantity serving as a measure of the disturbance varies with position and time in a manner that at pairs of neighboring positions the disturbance is similar except for a time difference. ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 2013 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 4 NOTE 1 Any physical quantity that has the same relationship to some independent variable (usually time) that a propagated disturbance has at a particular instant,