ANSI ASA S12.9 PART 6-2008 American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound Part 6 Methods for Estimation of Awakenings A.pdf

1、 ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008 / Part 6 (Revision of ANSI S12.9-2000 / Part 6) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound Part 6: Methods for Estimation of Awakenings Associated with Outdoor Noise Events Heard in Homes Accredited Standards Commi

2、ttee S12, Noise Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 35 Pinelawn Road, Suite 114 E Melville, NY 11747-3177ANSI/ASAS12.9-2008/Part6 The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the national coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A.

3、for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an organization of scientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications. ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008 / Part 6 (Revision of ANSI

4、S12.9-2000 / Part 6) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound Part 6: Methods for Estimation of Awakenings Associated with Outdoor Noise Events Heard in Homes Secretariat: Acoustical Society of America Approved July 3, 2008 by: Ameri

5、can National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This Standard provides a method to predict sleep disturbance in terms of percent awakenings or numbers of people awakened associated with noise levels in terms of indoor A-weighted sound exposure level (ASEL). The Standard was developed from field stud

6、ies of behavioral awakening primarily in homes near areas of routine jet aircraft takeoff and landing operations, railroads, roads, and highways. The database used in derivation of the method consists of about 10,000 subject-nights of observations in a variety of communities in the United States and

7、 The Netherlands. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, S3/SC 1 on Animal Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committee

8、s have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, trade associations, organizations with a general interest, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America as American National Standards after approval by their respe

9、ctive Standards Committees and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the Accredited Standards Committe

10、es (operating in accordance with procedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and

11、ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantiall

12、y concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una

13、nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standards

14、 or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken p

15、eriodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society of America ASA Secretariat 35 Pinelawn Road, Suite 114E Melville, New York 11747-3177 Telephone: 1 (631) 390-0215 Fax: 1 (631) 390-0217 E-mail: asastdsaip.org 2008 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not b

16、e reproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Ac

17、oustical Society of America.2008 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iContents 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Relation of sleep disturbance (awakening) to the sound of single events 2 4.1 Probability of awakening as a function of the single-event indoor

18、ASEL 2 4.2 Probability of awakening as a function of both the single-event indoor ASEL and the time since retiring 3 5 Method for calculating the probability of awakening at least once to the sound from distributions of single noise events . 3 Annex A (informative) General compilation of behavioral

19、awakening sleep data. 5 Annex B (informative) Probability of awakening a population with a sound that is new to an area 8 Annex C (informative) Derivation of the method to calculate probabilities of awakening . 10 Bibliography. 12 Figures Figure B.1 A plot of the sleep awakening data: Equation (1) a

20、nd Equation (B.1) versus indoor, A-weighted sound exposure level 9 2008 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved ii Foreword This Foreword is for information only and is not a part of the American National Standard ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008/Part 6 American National Standard Quantities and Procedu

21、res for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound Part 6: Methods for Estimation of Awakenings Associated with Outdoor Noise Events Heard in Homes. This Standard comprises a part of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in noise. It was developed and approved by Accr

22、edited Standards Committee S12, Noise under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Scope of Accredited Standards Committee S12 is as follows: Standards, specifications, and terminology in the field of acoustic

23、al noise pertaining to methods of measurement, evaluation, and control, including biological safety, tolerance and comfort, and physical acoustics as related to environmental and occupational noise. This Standard is a revision of ANSI S12.9-2000/Part 6, which has been technically revised with additi

24、onal data that have become available since 2000, with a curvilinear fit replacing the straight line fit to the data, and with a procedure to calculate the probability of being awakened at least once by a set of events that occurs throughout an entire night. This edition cancels and replaces ANSI S12

25、.9-2000 (R 2005). This Standard is not comparable to any existing ISO Standard. At the time this Standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise for approval, the membership was as follows: R.D. Hellweg, Chair W.J. Murphy, Vice-Chair S.B. Blaeser, Secretary Acoustical Society of

26、America.R.D. Hellweg D. Lubman (Alt.) Aearo TechnologiesE.H. Berger Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute . S. Lind . D. Brown (Alt.) Alcoa Inc. . W.D. Gallagher American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery R.A. Dobie L.A. Michael (Alt.) American Industrial Hygiene Association. D.

27、 Driscoll .S.N. Hacker (Alt.) American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. R.J. Peppin American Speech-Hearing-Language Association .L.A. Wilber . V. Gladstone (Alt.) 2008 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiiBruel FAX: 631-390-0217; E-mail: asastdsaip.o

28、rg. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008 / Part 6 2008 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 1American National Standard Quantities and Procedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sound Part 6: Methods for Estimation of Awakenings Associated with Outdoor Noise E

29、vents Heard in Homes 1 Scope This Standard provides a method to predict sleep disturbance in home settings where people are familiar with the neighborhood noise environment. Sleep “disturbance” is restricted to behaviorally confirmed awakening as demonstrated, for example, by pressing a button upon

30、awakening. Noise levels are quantified as indoor A-weighted sound exposure levels of outdoor events occurring less than five minutes prior to the awakening. The Standard further assumes that the sleepers have normal hearing with no sleep disorders. Although this Standard is primarily based on sleep

31、disturbances caused by aircraft noise, the limited data that were available indicated that the prediction method is equally applicable to other discrete single events such as the sound of a train passby, a single small-arms gunshot, or the sound of a coupler bang in a train marshalling yard. The Sta

32、ndard is not applicable to predictions of sleep disturbances caused by multiple noise events that occur in a very short time (e.g., 10 gunshots in 10 s), or to large-weapon noise (e.g., artillery), explosive demolition, etc. The Standard does not address other aspects of sleep disturbance such as gr

33、oss body movements, sleep stage changes, sleep latency, or self reports of sleep quality. The Standard does not apply to persons under 18 years of age, individuals with sleep disorders, or individuals in poor health. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the

34、 application of this Standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI S1.1, American National Standard Acoustical Terminology. ANSI S3.20, American National Standard Bioacous

35、tical Terminology. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in ANSI S1.1, ANSI S3.20, and the following apply: ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008 / Part 6 2008 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 2 3.1 noise event single event for which the A-weighted

36、 sound exposure level (ASEL) produced by a specific outdoor event, such as an aircraft flyby or truck driveby, that exceeds 50 dB in a persons sleeping room; symbol: LAE3.2 behavioral awakening awakening from sleep as confirmed by a specific motor action such as pushing a button 3.3 percent of awake

37、nings one hundred times the number of individuals awakened at least once during the night by noise events divided by the total number of individuals exposed to the sound of those noise events 4 Relation of sleep disturbance (awakening) to the sound of single events 4.1 Probability of awakening as a

38、function of the single-event indoor ASEL Equation (1) quantifies the night-long probability of awakening for a population of sleepers who are exposed to an outdoor noise event as a function of the indoor ASEL associated with the noise event in the sleepers quarters. This equation was derived from be

39、havioral awakenings associated with noise events in “steady state” situations where the noise has been present in both level and in frequency of occurrence for a long time (on the order of a year). The probability that a person of average sensitivity to awakening will be awakened by a single noise e

40、vent is given by the following formula. Probability of awakening: A,single-Z1P=1+e(1) where A6 8884 0 04444EZ. . L= + , and LAErepresents the indoor A-weighted sound exposure level (ASEL) of an outdoor single noise event. NOTE The indoor single-event ASEL may be determined from estimates of the sing

41、le event or from measurements of ASEL caused by representative single events over a minimum of nine hours encompassing the period from 2200 h to 0700 h. Any ASELs that are less than 50 dB shall be ignored. That is, the probability of awakening shall be set to zero for any ASEL that is less than 50 d

42、B. NOTE This Standard should be used with caution for indoor ASELs in excess of 100 dB, which is the practical extent of the underlying data. The Standard increasingly under-predicts awakenings for ASELs in excess of 100 dB. For example, at an ASEL of 150 dB, the Standard predicts less than 50% of t

43、he population will be awakened. Common experience suggests that the percent awakened will be closer to 100% if the indoor ASEL were 150 dB. This extension to the curve above 100 dB was made because it was decided that providing data that were too low was preferable to not providing any data at all.

44、ASEL, if measured, shall be determined with a single microphone located 1.0 m to 1.5 m above the floor and no closer than 1.0 m from any wall within the sleeping quarters. Annex A contains all of the data from behavioral awakening studies. These data and the predictions from Equation (1) are plotted

45、 in Figure B.1. ANSI/ASA S12.9-2008 / Part 6 2008 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 3NOTE For sounds that are new to an area, such as a new runway, a new airport, a new roadway or railroad, a new warehouse or plant, a new air freight operation, etc., Annex B provides an alternative t

46、o Equation (1). 4.2 Probability of awakening as a function of both the single-event indoor ASEL and the time since retiring One of the more consistent findings in the sleep literature is that the probability of an awakening due to a noise event increases as time in bed increases. Equation (2) quanti

47、fies the probability of awakening as a function of both the time since retiring (in minutes) and the indoor A-weighted sound exposure level in a sleepers quarters (in decibels). Probability of awakening: 11A,single-ZPe=+(2) where A7 594 0 04444 0 00336EretirZ. . L . T= + + , LAEis predicted or measu

48、red and limited as described in 4.1, and Tretireis the time in minutes since retiring. NOTE Equation (2) reduces to Equation (1) when the time since retiring equals 210 minutes or 3.5 h, one half the 7 h that adults sleep on average (see references 8 and 9 in the Bibliography). 5 Method for calculat

49、ing the probability of awakening at least once to the sound from distributions of single noise events For the ith single event that creates an ASEL of level Li during any time period or sub-time period, j, the probability of NOT awakening, PNotA,i, is given by: PNotA,i = (1 PA,i) (3) where PA,iis the probability of being awakened by the ith event given by Equation (1) or (2). For a distribution of events during a stated time period or sub-time period, j, the probability of not awakening is given by: KNii=1P=(1-P)NotA A,i (4) where PA,iis the prob