ANSI ASABE S315.4-2011 Agricultural Baling Twine for Automatic Balers.pdf

1、 ANSI/ASAE S315.4 DEC2011 (R2017) Agricultural Baling Twine for Automatic Balers American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and b

2、iological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water r

3、esource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged

4、 in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible

5、for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Pra

6、ctices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus,

7、 and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not n

8、ecessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodic

9、ally to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org S T A N D A R D ANSI/ASAE S315.4 DEC2011 (R2017) Co

10、pyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1ANSI/ASAE S315.4 DEC2011 (R2017) Revision approved January 2012, reaffirmed May 2017 as an American National Standard Agricultural Baling Twine for Automatic Balers Developed by the Engineering Policy Committee of the Farm and Indust

11、rial Equipment Institute; approved by the ASAE Power and Machinery Division Technical Committee; adopted by ASAE December 1968; revised April 1974, December 1976; reaffirmed December 1981: approved as an American National Standard December 1982; reaffirmed December 1986, December 1991; reaffirmed by

12、 ANSI September 1992; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1996, December 1998, December 1999; reaffirmed by ANSI June 2000; reaffirmed by ASAE January 2001, December 2001; revised by January 2003; reaffirmed February 2008; revised December 2011; revision approved by ANSI January 2012; reaffirmed May 2017. K

13、eywords: Baling twine, Knot strength, Package dimensions, Tensile strength, Twine 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform polyolefin and sisal agricultural baler twine specifications to ensure satisfactory performance in round and square balers and have adequate du

14、rability in normal storage and handling of baled forage and biomass materials. 1.2 This standard is intended to cover agricultural baler twines manufactured for use in round balers, small square balers, and large square balers. This standard is not intended to restrict manufacturers in the use of ma

15、terials or manufacturing processes, rather create a minimum expectation of baler twine product performance. 2 Definitions 2.1 For the purpose of this Standard, the following definitions apply: 2.1.1 bale (of twine): Baler twine package containing one or more balls of twine. 2.1.2 agricultural baler

16、twine: A synthetic or sisal material used in binding or tying forage and/or biomass feedstock wherein the baler twine maintains the bale integrity during baling, handling, transport, and storage. 2.1.3 ball: A cross wound cylindrical unit of twine 2.1.4 denier: Unit of measure for the linear mass of

17、 twine defined as the mass in grams per 9000 meters. 1 denier = 1 gram per 9000 meters. 2.1.5 dynamic loading: Nearly all baler twine is subject to dynamic loading to some degree. Whenever a load (bale) is picked up, moved, dropped, stacked, etc. there is an increased force due to the acceleration o

18、r dynamics of the movement. 2.1.6 footage: The normal measure of the twine in meter per ball or bale; feet per ball or bale. 2.1.7 gage length: The length of a specimen under pre-tension measured from nip-to-nip of the jaws of the holding clamp in their starting position over which strain, change of

19、 length and other characteristics are measured. ANSI/ASAE S315.4 DEC2011 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 22.1.8 knot strength: Mechanical or hand-tied baler twine knot measurement of a samples resistance to longitudinal stress (tension); a measure indicate

20、d by the maximum stress a sample can withstand without rupture or breaking (maximum load) as expressed in Newton (N) or pound-force (lbf). 2.1.9 linear density: Measure of mass per unit of length, and is a characteristic used for testing of baler twine. Linear Density is expressed as kilogram per me

21、ter (kg/m) or pound per feet (lb/ft). 2.1.10 minimum breaking strength: The minimum breaking strength is the force that a baler twine is required to meet or exceed in a laboratory test when it is new and unused. 2.1.11 piled twine: Two or more individual strands of untwisted twine twisted uniformly

22、together. 2.1.12 polyolefin: Principle Polypropylene (PP), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and / or Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE). 2.1.13 tensile strength: Measurement of a samples resistance to longitudinal stress (tension); a measure indicated by the max

23、imum stress a sample can withstand without rupture or breaking (maximum load) as expressed in Newton (N) or pound-force (lbf). 2.1.14 test lot/batch: Quantity by number of balls or bales from which a specified number of balls or bales will be selected for testing. 2.1.15 test sample: The specified n

24、umber of tests to be carried out on a single ball / bale to determine physical characteristics of the sample. 2.1.16 wire replacement: Term frequently used to describe synthetic 3-tie through 6-tie baler twines as those specific balers produce heavier and higher density bales. 2.1.17 working load: T

25、he working load is the weight or force applied to the baler twine in a given application. 2.1.18 yield: The inverse of Linear Density and typically expressed as meter per kilogram or feet per pound. 3 General Requirements 3.1 The baler twine shall contain no substances which would prove harmful to l

26、ivestock when it is consumed with the feed ration if normal diligence is maintained to prevent accidental consumption. The twine shall be resistant to chemical agents (herbicides, fertilizers, hay treatments, etc.) which could prematurely deteriorate the twine and its expected usefulness. 3.2 In ord

27、er to meet the requirements for durability in handling and storage of baled material, consideration must be given to the effects of rodents, insects, rot, and mildew. 3.3 The baler twine shall meet fit-for-use requirements for weatherability and Ultra-Violet (UV) protection for the intended geograph

28、ic region. Fit-for-use shall mean the finished (twine wrapped or tied) bale shall maintain its integrity for a minimum of 12 months. Various methods for testing twine weather ability include, but not limited to ASTM standards D4329 and G154 (florescent lamp which apply UV, heat, and moisture to twin

29、e) and D2565 and G155 (xenon arc which uses UV and moisture Atlas Materials Testing Solutions/Outdoor Weathering Services). 3.4 The baler twine shall be uniform in cross-section throughout its length to insure satisfactory performance in a properly adjusted baler knotter. 3.5 The baler twine shall b

30、e manufactured with consideration to field application, working load, and dynamic loading for which it will be subjected. ANSI/ASAE S315.4 DEC2011 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 33.6 Each ball or bale of twine shall be continuous in runnage and contain no

31、 more knots than specified in Table 1 (below). Knots shall be of proper size and strength to function satisfactorily in a baler. Plied knots, whereas more than a single strand is combined or twisted together, are not allowed. Table 1 Maximum number knots per ball Maximum Number of Knots per Individu

32、al Ball Round Baler Twine 4 Small Square Baler Twine 2 Large Square Baler Twine 3 3.7 The ball shall be wound so that the twine is withdrawn from the center. 3.8 A “Z” twist (right hand lay) shall be utilized for twisted twines to optimize knot strength (see figure 1). Twine shall be removed from th

33、e center of the ball in an anti-clockwise direction. Figure 1 “Z” twist illustration 4 Classifications 4.1 Baler Twine classifications shall fall within two categories: Synthetic (polyolefin) or Sisal (natural). 4.2 Synthetic Baler Twine: 4.2.1 Synthetic baler twine shall be classified by baler type

34、 (round baler, small square baler, or large square baler), ball or bale length (feet and/or meters), and tensile strength and/or knot strength expressed in Newton (N) or pound-force (lbf) of the twine. Baler twine strength classifications in the following tables are meant to provide guidelines and n

35、ot restrict upper / lower limits. 4.2.1.1 Round Balers shall include balers producing bales 0.5 m (1.64 ft) width and 0.75 m (2.46 ft) diameter. Table 2 Round balers Round Baler Twine Tensile Strength Classification Tensile Strength (lbf) 90140 Tensile Strength (N) 400623 ANSI/ASAE S315.4 DEC2011 (R

36、2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 44.2.1.2 Small Square Balers shall include 2-tie (two twines per bale) and 3-tie (three twines per bale) balers. Table 3 Small square balers Small Square Baler Twine Knot Strength Classification Knot Strength (lbf) 130280 Knot

37、 Strength (N) 5781245 4.2.1.3 Large Square Balers shall include 4-tie (four twines per bale), 5-tie (five twines per bale), and 6-tie (six twines per bale) balers. High Density large square baler twines can exceed 600 lbf (2669 N) knot classification if required. Table 4 Large square balers Large Sq

38、uare Baler Twine Knot Strength Classification Knot Strength (lbf) 240600 Knot Strength (N) 10682669 4.3 Sisal Baler Twine: 4.3.1 Sisal baler twines shall be classified by baler type (round baler or small square baler), ball or bale length (feet and/or meters) and tensile strength and/or knot strengt

39、h expressed in Newton (N) or pound-force (lbf). 4.3.1.1 Round Balers shall include balers producing bales 0.5 m (1.64 ft) width and 0.75 (2.46 ft) diameter. 4.3.1.2 Small Square Balers shall include two-tie (2 twines per bale) and three-tie (3 twines per bales) balers. 5 Baler Twine Testing Frequenc

40、y and Methods 5.1 Testing of the physical properties and ball or bale dimensions shall be performed by the twine manufacturer to ensure it will meet the functionality and compatibility requirements of the intended-use baler, crop type, and crop conditions. The twine manufacturer shall not be liable

41、for unforeseen or uncontrollable circumstances. 5.2 Frequency of baler twine testing and sampling lot size shall be at the manufacturers discretion and based on their individual process capability and production variability rate. The frequency, although at the manufacturers discretion, shall be such

42、 to provide the manufacturer adequate data to support the products package strength declarations and product field performance expectations in case of dispute. 5.3 Weigh Scale/Balance for determining twine Linear Density shall be accurate to 0.01 g. 5.4 Weigh Scale/Balance for determining ball weigh

43、t or mass shall be accurate to 0.01 lb. (0.004536 kg). 5.5 Product Strength, typically defined as Knot Strength and/or Tensile Strength, is critical to the field performance of baler twine. Manufacturers shall test and verify Product Strength on a regularly scheduled basis to ensure the consumer is

44、receiving a product that meets or exceeds declared strength performance criteria. ANSI/ASAE S315.4 DEC2011 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 55.5.1 Test specimens shall be obtained by drawing the twine directly from the inside or the outside of the ball bein

45、g particularly careful not to negatively impact twist (loss of twist) of the twine (if applicable). It is not necessary to discard center drawn twine prior to testing unless it is deemed unusable by the manufacturer. 5.5.2 The twine shall be tested on a constant rate traverse universal tension testi

46、ng machine, mechanically driven, of appropriate capacity and type. The machine capacity shall be such that the specified value for the minimum tensile strength of the twine is not less than 10% of the capacity of the machine. The testing machine shall be within 1% accuracy, 1% repeatability of the m

47、achine capacity. The testing machine shall be verified in accordance to ASTM E4 or ISO 7500-1:2004. 5.5.3 The crosshead speed shall be constant and numerically equal in mm in. per minute, within 10% to the length of twine between the testing grips (gauge length). 5.5.4 Testing clamps shall be of the

48、 single bollard or capstan self-tightening grip. The twine specimen is wrapped around the split bollard and retained between two serrated jaw faces. The large circumference of the bollard or capstan clamp reduces the concentration of stress within the specimen at the point of clamping thereby preven

49、ting breaks occurring between the jaw faces. 5.5.5 Any test sample that slips or breaks within the grip or clamp shall be discarded and another test sample substituted. 5.5.6 The type of knot to be tested to determine knot strength shall be hand-tied, double overhead knot (Standard Deering knot) as shown in Figure 2 and not its mirror image. Ends to be secured in clamp for knot strength test 25 mm (1.0 in) minimum Figure 2 Double overhand knot 5.5.7 The knot shall be placed midway between the testing gri