ANSI ASHRAE 15 & 34-2016 ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants (ASHRAE St.pdf

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2、 below to access the content and use normal procedures for downloading or opening the files. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2016 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Information contained in the above is the property of the Copyright holder and all Notice of Disclaimer while other committee members may or may not

3、be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees. The Senior Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participa

4、tion in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and

5、 acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systemstested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelineswill be

6、nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, bysuggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providi

7、ng proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other informationthat may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformanceto them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in markin

8、g of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 15Cognizant TCs: 101, Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems,and 9.1, Large Building Air-Conditioning SystemsSPLS Liaison: Roge

9、r HedrickStaff Liaison: Brian CoxDennis Dorman, Chair Paul L. Doppel Greg RelueGregory A. Scrivener, Vice-Chair Phillip A. Johnson Brian J. RodgersDanny Halel, Secretary Jay A. Kohler Jeffrey M. ShapiroEls Baert Scott MacBain Eric M. SmithWayne K. Borrowman Jeffrey Newel Russell C. TharpJames M. Cal

10、m Jay Peters Martin TimmJim Caylor Douglas T. Reindl John I. VucciASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20162017Rita M. Harrold, Chair Michael W. Gallagher Cyrus H. NasseriSteven J. Emmerich, Vice-Chair Walter T. Grondzik David RobinJames D. Aswegan Vinod P. Gupta Peter SimmondsNiels Bidstrup Susanna S. Hanson

11、 Dennis A. StankeDonald M. Brundage Roger L. Hedrick Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Drury B. Crawley Rick M. Heiden Jack H. ZarourJohn F. Dunlap, Srinivas Katipamula William F. Walter, BOD ExOJames W. Earley, Jr. Cesar L. Lim Patricia Graef, COKeith I. Emerson Arsen K. MelikovJulie M. Ferguson R. Lee Mill

12、ies, Jr.Stephanie C. Reiniche, Senior Manager of StandardsCONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2016,Safety Standard for Refrigeration SystemsSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.32 Scope33 Definitions .34 Occupancy Classification65 Refrigerating System Classification 76 Refrigerant Safety Classification.77 R

13、estrictions on Refrigerant Use 78 Installation Restrictions .99 Design and Construction of Equipment and Systems.1110 Operation and Testing.2311 General Requirements 2412 Precedence with Conflicting Requirements.2513 Listed Equipment.25Informative Appendix A: Informative References26Normative Append

14、ix B: Normative References.27Informative Appendix C: Method for Calculating Discharge Capacity ofPositive Displacement Compressor Pressure Relief Device .28Informative Appendix D: Allowable Equivalent Length of Discharge Piping30Informative Appendix E: Emergencies in Refrigerating Machinery Rooms.31

15、Informative Appendix F: Addenda Description Information.33NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2016 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.AS

16、HRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2016(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does

17、 not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the

18、 right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThe 2016 edition of Standard 15 incorporates changesintended to ensure improvement in the safe design, construc-tion, installation, and operation of refrigeration systems. High-lights of the 2016 edition include updated requirements forsafety relief systems

19、, including revisions to relief vent pipe dis-charge locations and design provisions for headered relief ventsystems; updated design pressure requirements applicable tosystems using carbon dioxide; and modification to overpres-sure protection for heat exchangers and pressure limitingdevices for posi

20、tive displacement compressors. Additionalchanges are noted in informative Appendix F.Standard 15 continues to evolve through the process ofcontinuous maintenance, which allows additions and modifica-tions to be made based on feedback from users in accordancewith ASHRAEs ANSI-approved procedures. In

21、addition tofeedback from users, changes in the science originating fromASHRAE and industry research, as well as changes in refriger-ation technology, necessitate the continuous maintenanceapproach. Interested parties can recommend modifications tothe standard by submitting a proposal using the conti

22、nuousmaintenance form located in the back of the standard.ASHRAE Standard 15 must be used with its sister stan-dard, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 341, Designation and SafetyClassification of Refrigerants. Standard 34 prescribes theRefrigerant Classification System, as well as refrigerant con-centration limi

23、ts (RCL), that are vitally important in applyingthis standard. Although changes to Standard 15 are closelycoordinated with those to Standard 34, users of Standard 15should also review the most recent version of Standard 34 andits associated addenda for the latest information related torefrigerant de

24、signations and safety classifications.ASHRAE Standard 15 gives a method for determining theamount of refrigerant in a given space that, when exceeded,requires a machinery room. When a refrigerant is not classi-fied in ASHRAE Standard 34 or its addenda, it is the respon-sibility of the owner of a ref

25、rigerating system to make thisjudgment. Users of ASHRAE Standard 15 may also find it useful torefer to the Standard 15-2001 Users Manual. The usersmanual was developed as a companion document to ASHRAEStandard 15. Though it does not reflect the addenda andchanges incorporated into Standard 15 since

26、its original pub-lication, it still serves to clarify the intent of the standard andprovides an explanation of the rationale behind its creation.Its purpose is to assist in use of the standard by includingillustrations and examples of accepted industry practice, aswell as explanations of and support

27、ing references for formu-las in the standard. The users manual also covers building,system, and refrigerant classifications, restrictions on refrig-erant use, installation restrictions, and equipment and systemdesign and construction for commercial, residential, andindustrial applications.ASHRAE Sta

28、ndard 15 is directed toward the safety ofpersons and property on or near the premises where refriger-ation facilities are located. It includes specifications for fabri-cation of refrigerating systems but does not address the effectsof refrigerant emissions on the environment. For informationon the e

29、nvironmental effects of refrigerant emissions, seeANSI/ASHRAE Standard 1472, Reducing the Release of Halo-genated Refrigerants from Refrigerating and Air-Condition-ing Equipment and Systems.The hazards of refrigerants are related to their physicaland chemical characteristics as well as to the pressu

30、res andtemperatures that occur in refrigerating and air-conditioningsystems. Personal injury and property damage from inadequateprecautions may occur from a number of origins, such as rupture of a part with risk from flying debris; release of refrigerant from a fracture, due to a leakingseal or inco

31、rrect operation; or fire resulting from or intensified by burning or deflagra-tion of escaping refrigerant or lubricant.Personal injury resulting from the accidental release ofrefrigerants may also occur from suffocation from heavier-than-air refrigerants in inade-quately ventilated spaces; narcotic

32、 and cardiac sensitization effects; toxic effects of vapor or the decomposition products dueto vapor contact with flames or hot surfaces; corrosive attack on the eyes, skin, or other tissue; or freezing of tissue by contact with liquid.Care should be taken to avoid stagnant pockets of refrig-erant v

33、apors by properly locating ventilation supply air inletsand exhaust outlets. All commonly used refrigerants, exceptammonia (R-717) and water (R-718), are heavier than air.Leaked refrigerant vapor will concentrate near the floor ifundisturbed. Floor-level exhaust-air outlets are appropriatefor heavie

34、r-than-air refrigerants. The users manual may pro-vide useful guidance for the design of ventilation systems andthe location of supply air inlets and exhaust outlets.The following short publishing history of this code tracesthe origins of these safety provisions. In 1919, the AmericanSociety of Refr

35、igerating Engineers (ASRE) proposed a Tenta-tive Code for the Regulation of Refrigerating Machines andRefrigerants. Over the next 11 years, representatives from theAmerican Gas Association, American Institute of ElectricalEngineers, American Institute of Refrigeration, AmericanChemical Society, Amer

36、ican Society of Heating and VentilationEngineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,National Electrical Refrigerator Manufacturers Association,National Fire Protection Association, and ASRE met to expandthe code to address all of the issues raised on the use of refrig-eration equipment. The f

37、irst Safety Code for MechanicalRefrigeration, recognized as American Standard B9 in OctoberANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2016 31930, appeared in the first edition, 19321933, of the ASRERefrigerating Handbook and Catalog. ASRE revisions desig-nated ASA B9 appeared in 1933 and 1939. ASRE revisions des-ignat

38、ed ASA B9.1 appeared in 1950, 1953, and 1958. After theformation of ASHRAE, editions appeared as ASA B9.1-1964,ANSI B9.1-1971, ASHRAE Standard 15-1978, ASHRAE Stan-dard 15-1989, ASHRAE Standard 15-1992, ASHRAE Standard15-1994, ASHRAE Standard 15-2001, ASHRAE Standard 15-2004, ASHRAE Standard 15-2007

39、, ASHRAE Standard 15-2010, and ASHRAE Standard 15-2013.1. PURPOSEThis standard specifies safe design, construction, installation,and operation of refrigeration systems.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard establishes safeguards for life, limb, health,and property and prescribes safety requirements.2.2 This sta

40、ndard applies toa. the design, construction, test, installation, operation, andinspection of mechanical and absorption refrigeration sys-tems, including heat-pump systems used in stationaryapplications; b. modifications, including replacement of parts or compo-nents if they are not identical in func

41、tion and capacity; andc. substitutions of refrigerants having a different designation.3. DEFINITIONSadministrative control: the use of human action aimed atachieving a safe level of performance from a system or sub-system. Compare to engineering control.approved: acceptable to the authority having j

42、urisdiction(AHJ).approved, nationally recognized laboratory: a laboratory thatis acceptable to the AHJ and provides uniform testing andexamination procedures and standards for meeting design,manufacturing, and factory testing requirements of this code;is organized, equipped, and qualified for testin

43、g; and has afollow-up inspection service of the current production of thelisted products.back pressure: the static pressure existing at the outlet of anoperating pressure relief device due to pressure in the dis-charge line.balanced relief valve: a pressure relief valve that incorporatesmeans of min

44、imizing the effect of back pressure on the opera-tional characteristics of the valve (opening pressure, closingpressure, and relieving capacity).blends: refrigerants consisting of mixtures of two or moredifferent chemical compounds, often used individually asrefrigerants for other applications.braze

45、d joint: a gas-tight joint obtained by the joining of metalparts with metallic mixtures or alloys that melt at tempera-tures above 1000F (537C) but less than the melting tem-peratures of the joined parts.cascade refrigerating system: a refrigerating system havingtwo or more refrigerant circuits, eac

46、h with a pressure imposingelement, a condenser, and an evaporator, where the evaporatorof one circuit absorbs the heat rejected by another (lower tem-perature) panion or block valves: pairs of mating stop valves thatallow sections of a system to be joined before opening thesevalves or separated afte

47、r closing pound refrigerating system: a multistage refrigeratingsystem in which a single charge of refrigerant circulatesthrough all stages of compression. See multistage refrigerat-ing pressor: a machine used to compress refrigerant pressor unit: a compressor with its prime mover andaccessories.con

48、denser: that part of the refrigerating system where refrig-erant is liquefied by the removal of heat.condenser coil: a condenser constructed of pipe or tubing, notenclosed in a pressure vessel.condensing unit: a combination of one or more power-drivencompressors, condensers, liquid receivers (when r

49、equired),and regularly furnished accessories.containers, refrigerant: a cylinder for the transportation ofrefrigerant.corridor: an enclosed passageway that limits travel to a singlepath.critical pressure, critical temperature, and critical volume:a point on the saturation curve where the refrigerant liquidand vapor have identical volume, density, and enthalpy andthere is no latent heat.design pressure: the maximum gage pressure for which aspecific part of a refrigerating system is designed.dual pressure relief device: two p