ANSI ASHRAE 183-2007 Peak Cooling and Heating Load Calculations in Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.pdf

1、Peak Cooling andHeating Load Calculationsin Buildings ExceptLow-Rise ResidentialBuildingsANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183-2007 (RA 2014)(Reaffirmation of ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183-2007)Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 27, 2007, and reaffirmed June 28, 2014; by the ASHRAE Board

2、ofDirectors on March 2, 2007, and reaffirmed July 2, 2014; by Air Conditioning Contractors of America on March 5, 2007, andreaffirmed March 17, 2014; and by the American National Standards Institute on March 6, 2007, and reaffirmed July 3, 2014.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-

3、year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year ofASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.or

4、g. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2014 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard develop

5、ed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurren

6、ceof more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that aneffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliancemandatory through legi

7、slation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair mus

8、t be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a.

9、 interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for th

10、e benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that

11、any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes,bysuggestingsafepr

12、acticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidingproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to

13、 this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 183CognizantTC:TC 4.1, Load Calculation Data and ProceduresSPLS Liaison: Ross D. Montgomery*Deno

14、tes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationChristopher K. Wilkins, Chair* Patricia E. Jones*Phil D. Forner, Vice Chair* Curtis O. PedersenConstantinos A. Balaras* James F. Pegues*Steven F. Bruning* Henry T. Rutkowski*Terry L. Cornell* John Sedine*Robert C. Doeffinger,

15、 Jr.* Jonathan C. Spreeman*Glenn Friedman* Arunkumar T. Vedhathiri*ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20132014William F. Walter, Chair David R. Conover Malcolm D. KnightRichard L. Hall, Vice-Chair John F. Dunlap Rick A. LarsonKarim Amrane James W. Earley, Jr. Mark P. ModeraJoseph R. Anderson Steven J. Emmer

16、ich Cyrus H. NasseriJames Dale Aswegan Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonCharles S. Barnaby Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattSteven F. Bruning Cecily M. Grzywacz Douglas T. ReindlJohn A. Clark Rita M. Harrold Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Adam W. Hinge Thomas E. Werkema, Jr., CODebra H. K

17、ennoyStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of StandardsCONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183-2007 (RA 2014),Peak Cooling and Heating Load Calculationsin Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential BuildingsSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 24 Compliance. 35 W

18、eather Data and Indoor Design Conditions. 36 Cooling Load Method . 47 External Heat Gains . 48 Internal Heat Gains. 49 Heating Load 410 System Cooling and Heating Loads . 4Informative Appendix A: Choice of Methods.5Informative Appendix B: Recommended ASHRAE/ACCA Compliance Form for Standard 183-2007

19、 .6NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2014 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society

20、of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.2 ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183-2007 (RA 2014)(This foreword is not a part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfo

21、r conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWO

22、RDStandard 183 was created in a collaborative effortbetween ASHRAE and ACCA, the Air Conditioning Contrac-tors of America. It establishes minimum requirements forperforming peak cooling and heating load calculations forbuildings except low-rise residential buildings. Althoughthere are many methods a

23、vailable to perform peak coolingand heating load calculations, the intent of this standard isto establish a minimum level of requirements that is as inclu-sive of as many methods as possible while still being restric-tive enough to mandate an appropriate level of care andaccuracy. An accurate estima

24、te of peak cooling or heatingload requires not only that a sound method be used but alsothat inputs to the method are reasonable and realistic (theexecution of the method).The heat transfer interactions that occur outside andinside a conditioned building are complex and involve manyinterrelated vari

25、ables. All load calculation methods there-fore involve some level of simplification of the actual interac-tions among these variables to allow practical solutions tothese very complex problems. The requirements in this stan-dard that relate to the load calculation method are technicalto the extent t

26、hat they address these simplifications of thefundamental heat transfer interactions. If a method oversim-plifies the problem, then an inaccurate load estimate canresult. Complying with this standard requires knowledge ofthe underlying principles of the methods used and the tech-niques that these met

27、hods use to address the fundamentalheat transfer interactions.There is a distinction in this standard between zone loadand system load. This standard is intended to address thecalculation of zone load, but it is impossible to completelydecouple the system load or capacity calculation from thezone lo

28、ad calculation. Systems and the processes to calcu-late their loads or capacities vary dramatically. Someaspects of the overall approach to systems are included inthis standard, but the standard is not intended to be a com-prehensive or detailed discussion of how to calculate systemloads. Users of t

29、his standard are cautioned not to confusezone heat gain with system sizing.This is a reaffirmation of Standard 183-2007. This stan-dard was prepared under the auspices of the American Soci-ety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-ConditioningEngineers (ASHRAE). It may be used, in whole or in part, byan

30、 association or government agency with due credit toASHRAE. Adherence is strictly on a voluntary basis andmerely in the interests of obtaining uniform standardsthroughout the industry. This version of the reaffirmationincludes no changes.1. PURPOSEThis standard establishes requirements for performin

31、gpeak cooling and heating load calculations for buildingsexcept low-rise residential buildings.2. SCOPEThis standard sets minimum requirements for methodsand procedures used to perform peak cooling and heating loadcalculationsforbuildingsexceptlow-riseresidentialbuildings.3. DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIO

32、NS, ANDACRONYMS3.1 Terms Defined in this Standardbeam solar: the component of solar radiation received fromthe sun without being scattered by the atmosphere or reflectedby other surfaces.building location: for purposes of load calculation, the build-ings latitude and longitude or the country, state,

33、 and city.convective heat gain: the portion of a heat gain that is trans-ferred by convection to air inside a building.cooling load: a general term used to refer to the sensible andlatent cooling load of a zone or an HVAC system.diffuse solar: the component of solar radiation composed ofthe sky diff

34、use and ground diffuse solar flux.design conditions: for outdoor conditions, the air tempera-ture, humidity, and solar flux values used to calculate coolingand heating loads. For indoor conditions, the air temperatureand/or humidity requirements for a zone or a building.diversity: adjustments to int

35、ernal heat gains made to accountfor the fact that the instantaneous heat output of all load-producingitems(i.e.,occupants,lighting,appliances,devices,equipment) is normally less than the maximum output for thesame set of items. The instantaneous load is discounted forfactors such as on-off cycles, o

36、ccupancy schedules, dutycycles, and reduced power input.fenestration: windows, skylights, and doors. Fenestration istypically composed of multiple components or assemblies,such as framing, glazing, dividers, and mullions.flux: energy flow rate per unit surface area.ground diffuse solar: the componen

37、t of solar radiationreceived after being reflected by ground surfaces surroundinga building.heat gain: the rate at which heat enters a surface, an airstream,or a zone. Heat gain is classified by its mode (convective orradiant) and by whether it is a sensible or latent gain.The radi-ant portion of he

38、at gain becomes cooling load by a conversionprocessovertimethatcausesadelaybetweenthetimetheheatgain occurs and the time the heat is converted to cooling load.heating load: for zones, the rate at which heat must be addedto maintain indoor design conditions. For systems, the rate atANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA S

39、tandard 183-2007 (RA 2014) 3which heat must be added to a transport fluid (air, water) tomaintain indoor design conditions.incident solar flux: the beam, sky diffuse, and ground diffusesolar flux received by fenestration and opaque buildingsurfaces.infiltration: the flow of outdoor air into a buildi

40、ng throughcracks and other unintentional openings and through normaluse of exterior doors for entrance and egress.internal equipment: equipment that is located in the zone orbuilding and that generates heat (e.g., computers, copymachines, laboratory equipment, kitchen equipment, motors,factory machi

41、nery).internal heat gain: heat that is generated from sources that arewithin the zone (e.g., people, lights, equipment).latent cooling load: for zones, the rate at which moisture mustbe removed from the zone to maintain indoor design humidity.For systems, the rate at which heat is removed at a cooli

42、ng coilor dehumidifying device in order to condense or remove mois-ture from the supply airstream or dehumidified space.latent heat gain: an energy gain to a zone that occurs whenmoisture is added to the air in the zone.load factor: the ratio of actual power use to rated or nameplatepower for equipm

43、ent. For example, equipment with a name-plate rating of 250 W may have a peak measured power of180 W. In this example, an internal heat gain of 180 W shouldbe used rather than 250 W for load calculations.low-rise residential:single-familyhouses,multi-familystruc-tures of three stories or fewer above

44、 grade, and manufacturedhouses, which includes both mobile homes and modularhomes.method: a procedure used to calculate the cooling or heatingload of a zone or building. Load calculation methods thatcomply with this standard include, but are not limited to:the cooling load temperature difference/coo

45、ling loadfactor (CLTD/CLF) family of methods,total equivalent temperature difference/time averag-ing (TETD/TA) methods,transfer function methods (TFMs),radiant time series (RTS) methods, andheat balance (HB) methods.Note: Recommendations on how to choose a method areprovided in Informative Appendix

46、A.peak load: the largest cooling load or heating load calculatedbased on design conditions.radiant heat gain: the portion of a heat gain that is transferredby thermal radiation from the source of the heat gain tosurfaces within the zone or the building.reheat:heatusedtoraisethetemperatureofairaftert

47、heairhasbeen mechanically cooled. Reheat is often discouraged byenergy codes.sensible cooling load: for zones, the rate at which heat mustbe removed from the zone to maintain indoor design temper-ature. For systems, the rate at which heat is removed at theapparatus in order to reduce the temperature

48、 of the supplyairstream.sensible heat gain: an energy gain to a zone that occurs whenheat is directly added to the zone through convection, conduc-tion, and/or radiation.sky diffuse solar: the component of solar radiation whosecharacter has been changed by scattering in the atmosphere.solar heat gai

49、n:energyfromthesunthatentersazonethroughfenestration.thermal mass effect:theabilityofamateriallayertostoreheatand the ability of an opaque envelope component to dampenand delay transfer of heat.time delay: the time interval between heat transfer events in azone or building.temperature-driven heat gain: the heat gain or loss due to thedifference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures.zone:aroomorspaceorgroupofroomsorspacesinabuilding.zone load:thecoolingloadorheatingloadoccurringinazone.3.2 Abbreviations andAcronyms Used in This StandardHVAC: heating, ventilating, and a