ANSI ASTM D1968-2015 Standard Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products.pdf

1、Designation: D1968 15 An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Paper and Paper Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1968; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The terms in this standard are relat

3、ed to paper and paperproducts.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard (Withdrawn 2010)3D548 Test Method for Water-Soluble Acidity or Alkalinityof Paper (Withdrawn 2009)3D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Pap

4、erboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product(Withdrawn 2010)3D586 Test Method for Ash in Pulp, Paper, and PaperProducts (Withdrawn 2009)3D589 Test Method for Opacity of Paper (15 Diffuse Illu-minant A, 89 % Reflectance Backing and Paper Backing)(Withdrawn 2010)3D643 Test Method for Folding Endurance of

5、Paper by theSchopper Tester (Withdrawn 2010)3D645/D645M Test Method for Thickness of Paper andPaperboard (Withdrawn 2010)3D646 Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Paper andPaperboard of Aramid Papers (Basis Weight)D727 Test Method for Kerosine Number of Roofing andFlooring Felt by the Vacuum Metho

6、dD774/D774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper(Withdrawn 2010)3D778 Test Methods for Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) ofPaper Extracts (Hot-Extraction and Cold-Extraction Pro-cedures) (Withdrawn 2010)3D828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elonga

7、tionApparatus(Withdrawn 2009)3D829 Test Methods for Wet Tensile Breaking Strength ofPaper and Paper Products (Withdrawn 2009)3D918 Test Method for Blocking Resistance of Paper andPaperboard (Withdrawn 2011)3D919 Test Method for Copper Number of Paper and Paper-board (Withdrawn 2009)3D984 Test Method

8、s for Reducible Sulfur in Paper (With-drawn 2010)3D985 Test Method for Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paper-board (Directional Reflectance at 457 nm) (Withdrawn2010)3D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD2019 Test Method for Dirt in Paper and Paperboard (With-drawn 2010)3D2175

9、 Test Method for Book Bulk and Book BulkingNumber of Paper (Withdrawn 2010)3D2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theM.I.T. Tester (Withdrawn 2010)3D2482 Test Method for Surface Strength of Paper (Wax PickMethod) (Withdrawn 2010)3D3208 Specification for Manifold Papers for PermanentRec

10、ords (Withdrawn 2010)3D3290 Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Perma-nent Records (Withdrawn 2010)3D3301 Specification for File Folders for Storage of Perma-nent Records (Withdrawn 2010)3D3453 Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsUrethane for Furniture and Automotive Cushioning,Bed

11、ding, and Similar ApplicationsD3458 Specification for Copies from Office Copying Ma-chines for Permanent Records (Withdrawn 2010)3D4431 Specification for Paper Towels for Industrial andInstitutional Use (Withdrawn 2000)31This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging an

12、d is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.11 on Terminology(Definitions).Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1968 02a (2007)1which was withdrawn in May 2010 and reinstated in October 2015. DOI

13、:10.1520/D1968-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historic

14、al standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4917 Test Method for Coefficient of Static and KineticFriction of Uncoated Writing and Printing Paper by Use ofthe Horizontal Plane Method (With

15、drawn 2010)3D4918 Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction ofUncoated Writing and Printing Paper by Use of theInclined Plane Method (Withdrawn 2010)3D4949 Test Method for Determination of D-C Resistivity ofWriting Paper (Keithley Method) (Withdrawn 2011)3D4987 Test Method for Tensile Breaking

16、Strength of Perfo-rations in One-Part Continuous Forms Paper (Withdrawn2010)3D5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side of Paper(Withdrawn 2009)3D5342 Test Method for Resistance to Bending of Paper andPaperboard (Taber-Type Tester in Basic Configuration)(Withdrawn 2010)3D5625 Test Method for

17、 Measuring Length, Width, andSquareness of Sheeted Paper and Paper Products (With-drawn 2009)3D5626 Test Methods for U.S. Postal Service Optical Mea-surements for Small Areas (Withdrawn 2011)3D5634 Guide for Selection of Permanent and Durable Offsetand Book Papers (Withdrawn 2010)3D5650 Test Method

18、for Resistance to Bending of Paper ofLow Bending Stiffness (Taber-Type Tester in 0 to 10 TaberStiffness Unit Configuration) (Withdrawn 2010)3D5663 Guide for Validating Recycled Content in PackagingPaper and PaperboardD5725 Test Method for Surface Wettability and Absorbencyof Sheeted Materials Using

19、an Automated Contact AngleTester (Withdrawn 2010)3D5803 Test Method for Tensile Strength at Zero-Span (“WetZero-Span Tensile”) (Withdrawn 2009)3D5804 Test Methods for Zero-Span Tensile Strength (“DryZero-Span Tensile”) (Withdrawn 2009)3D6043 Guide for Selection of Permanent and Durable Art-ists Pape

20、r (Withdrawn 2010)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:acid-sized paper, npaper that has been manufactured usinga procedure or process at pH values below 7 (usually 4.0 to6.5) that results in paper that has resistance to aqueous liquidpenetration. See sizing. D3208, D3290, D3301, D3458,D5634, D6043alkalin

21、e-filled paper, na paper containing an alkaline fillersuch as calcium carbonate; having a pH value in excess of 7(extract pH usually in the range from 7.5 to 10.0), andcontaining a reserve buffering capacity that can neutralizeacidic materials formed in the paper or acidic gases sorbedfrom the atmos

22、phere. D3208, D3290, D3301, D3458,D5634, D6043alkaline reserve, nthe level, expressed as moles per kilo-gram or percent by weight of paper, of alkaline materials(such as calcium carbonate) capable of neutralizing eitheracidic degradation products formed in paper during its useand storage, or acidic

23、gases sorbed by the paper from theatmosphere.alkaline-sized paper, npaper that has been manufacturedusing a procedure or process at a pH value above 7 (usually7.5 to 10.0) that results in paper that has resistance toaqueous liquid penetration. See sizing. D3208, D3290,D3301, D3458, D5634, D6043ash,

24、nin wood, pulp, or paper; general term, the residue afterthe ignition of a specimen of wood, pulp, or paper at aspecified temperature for a specified time so as to removecombustible and volatile components. D586base paper, nthe fiber network existent prior to the applica-tion of any material onto th

25、e surface of that fiber network.D3208, D3290, D3301, D3458DISCUSSIONAn example is paper, internally sized, in preparation fora coating or surface sizing operation.bending moment, n of paper, the work (force multiplied bythe distance over which it is applied) required to deflect thetest piece under s

26、pecified conditions. D5342, D5650bleached, adjhaving been subjected to the process ofbleaching. D3301, D3453, D5634, D6043, D3208, D3290bleaching, na process involving a chemical or biologicaltreatment of pulp, primarily to increase whiteness andbrightness; such a process may alter or remove noncell

27、ulosicmaterials, such as but not limited to lignin, resin, andcolorants.blocking, nof paper or paperboard, undesired cohesion oradhesion that interferes with the satisfactory and efficient useof the material. D918blocking resistance, n of paper or paperboard, the capacityof a given paper or paperboa

28、rd to resist blocking. Seeblocking. D918bond paper, none of many grades of paper covering a widerange of quality, from grades requiring superior permanence,strength and durability to applications where permanenceand durability are less important, but in all cases requiringgood printing properties, c

29、olor fidelity, erasability, andcleanliness. D3290book bulk, nthe overall thickness of a given number ofsheets. See thickness. D2175book paper, na general term for a group of uncoated orcoated papers (exclusive of newsprint) suitable for thegraphic arts. D5634DISCUSSIONGrammage of book papers is usua

30、lly in the range from44 to 148 g/m2(basis weight 30 to 100 lb, 25 x 38 in. 500 sheets).They are characterized by a wide variety of surface finishes (forexample, antique, eggshell, machine, English, dull, matte,supercalendered, glossy, etc.), with good formation, printability andcleanliness.breaking

31、length, nof pulp and paper, a calculated valueexpressed as the length of a strip of paper, usually stated inmetres, which would break of its own weight when sus-pended vertically; calculated from the tensile strength andthe basis weight of the sheet. D828D1968 152brightness, nin paper and paperboard

32、, reflectance of aninfinitely thick stack of material measured for blue light withcentroid wavelength of 457 nm under specified spectral andgeometric conditions. D828bulking number, n of paper, the number of sheets requiredto produce a stack of 25 mm thickness (approximately 1 in.).See thickness. D2

33、175bursting strengthof paper or paperboard, the maximumliquid pressure required to produce rupture of the materialwhen the pressure is increased at a controlled rate through arubber diaphragm to a constrained circular area of thematerial. D774/D774Mbursting strength “points”, nin paper, a unit of me

34、asure forbursting strength, measured in pounds per square inch, thatshould be considered colloquial and directly interchangeablewith “pounds per square inch”. See bursting strength.D774/D774Mcaliper, nof paper and paperboard, see thickness.chemical pulp, nfibrous material obtained by a predomi-nantl

35、y chemical treatment of wood or other plant material;principal processes are sulfate (also known as kraft), sulfite,and soda. (see mechanical pulp and semichemical pulp)coated paper, npaper which has been coated on one or bothsides with a minimum coat weight of 2.5 lb/3300-ft2(3.7g/m2) of coating ma

36、terial per side. see coating. D3458coating, nof paper, the layer of pigment and adhesive appliedto the surface of paper or paperboard to create a new surface.D5634DISCUSSIONPaper is coated to improve smoothness and the effi-ciency of printing. Although the kind and amount of coating areimportant, th

37、e purchaser is concerned with performance, that is,smoothness, resistance to pick, printability, etc.cockle, nof paper, a defective, puckered condition of a papersheet as a result of non-uniform hygro-expansion which canbe related to any non-uniformity in the sheet, including massdistribution and dr

38、ying stresses.cockle finish, n of paper, an intentional rough, puckeredsurface, typically obtained by rewetting and drying of apaper sheet without physical restraint.coefficient of kinetic or sliding friction, nof paper, the ratioof the force required to sustain the uniform relative move-ment of the

39、 surfaces, to the normal force. D4917, D4918coefficient of static or starting friction, nof paper, the ratioof the force resisting initial motion of the surfaces, to thenormal force. D4917, D4918contact angle, n for paper wettability, the angle formed bya paper substrate and the tangent to the surfa

40、ce of the liquiddrop at the point of contact with the substrate whenmeasured under specified conditions. D5725contaminant, na general term applicable to various extra-neous and undesirable materials in pulp or other papermak-ing raw materials.DISCUSSIONThe term contaminant may in some instances refe

41、r tomaterials such as adhesives, wet strength resins, inks, dirt, coatings,toners, asphalt, plastics, rubber, and so forth.continuous form, na quantity of paper made up of numerousconnected individual perforated sheets, folded to form apack. D4987copper numberthe weight in grams of copper reduced fr

42、omthe cupric to the cuprous state by exposure to 100 g of paper,paperboard, or pulp as determined by a specified method;indicates the relative number of reducing groups in the pulpor paper and is used as a measure of its chemical quality andstability. D919cotton linters, nthe short fibers adhering t

43、o cottonseed afterthe operation of ginning (seed removal and cleaning); cutfrom the seed in a series of passes through cutting blades andreferred to as “first-cut linters,” “second-cut linters,” “millrun,” and so forth; used primarily in the manufacture ofcotton fiber content paper and cellulose der

44、ivatives.critical wax strength number, nin paper surface strength,the average highest numerical designation of wax that doesnot disturb the surface of the paper whose surface strength istested by the wax pick method under specified conditions.See pick. D2482cross directionthe direction of the paper

45、or paperboard atright angles to the machine direction. Sometimes referred toas CD, CMD (cross machine direction), and across machinedirection. D528degradation, nchange of a chemical compound to a lesscomplex compound (dictionary definition).dirt, ngeneral term, any undesirable, extraneous, or contam

46、i-nation material visible in transmitted or reflected light in oron pulp, paper, or paperboard.dirt, nquantitative term, any undesirable, extraneous, orcontaminating material in or on pulp, paper or paperboard,that has marked contrasting color to the rest of the sheetwhen viewed at more than one ang

47、le by reflected light, andthat has an equivalent black area of 0.04 mm2or more. Seedirt, equivalent black area of a dirt speck (EBA).dirt, nequivalent black area of a dirt speck (EBA), the areaof the black spot on the white background of the TAPPIStandard Dirt Chart that makes the same visual impres

48、sionon its background as does the dirt speck on the particularbackground in which it is embedded. D2019DISCUSSIONIt follows that the estimated equivalent black area of agray or colored speck would be smaller than its actual area in inverseproportion to the intensity of its color contrast with its ba

49、ckground. Theequivalent area of a black spot in a dark brown paper would beconsiderably smaller than its actual area, and rightly so, since itspresence would not be as pronounced as it would be if it wereembedded in a white sheet.double fold, n of paper, one complete oscillation of thepaper test specimen, during which it is folded first forward,then backward about the same base. D643D1968 153durability, nof paper, the capacity of paper or paperboard toresist the effects of wear in performance situations. D3208,D3290, D3301, D3458,