1、Designation: D5452 12 An American National StandardDesignation: 423/97Standard Test Method forParticulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by LaboratoryFiltration1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of De
3、fense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determinationby filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviationturbine fuel delivered to a laboratory.1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and acontrol membrane using vacuum. The mass change differenceidentifies
4、 the contaminant level per unit volume.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
5、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 4.2, 7.3, 7.5, 11.2, and X1.7.2. Before using thisstandard, refer to suppliers safety labels, material safety datas
6、heets, and technical literature.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell SystemD2244 Pr
7、actice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in AviationFuel by Line SamplingD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Contain
8、ers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bond, vto connect two parts of a system electricallyby means of a bond
9、ing wire to eliminate voltage differences.3.1.2 ground, vtto connect electrically with ground(earth).3.1.3 membrane filter, na porous article of closely con-trolled pore size through which a liquid is passed to separatematter in suspension.3.1.3.1 DiscussionResearch Report RR:D02-10123con-tains info
10、rmation on membrane filters that meet the require-ments therein.3.1.4 particulate, adjof or relating to minute separateparticles.3.1.4.1 DiscussionSolids generally composed of oxides,silicates, and fuel insoluble salts.3.1.5 volatile fuelsrelatively wide boiling range volatiledistillate.1This test m
11、ethod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition appr
12、oved in 2008 as D545208. DOI:10.1520/D5452-12.This test method has been separated from D2276 and has been modifiedprimarily to establish improved safety measures.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
13、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Supporting data (including a list of suppliers who have provided data indicatingtheir membranes, field monitors, and field monitor castings) have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may
14、 be obtained by requesting ResearchReport RR:D02-1012.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5.1 DiscussionThese are identified as Jet B in Speci-fication D
15、6615 or the military grade known as JP-4. Any fuelor mixture having a flash point less than 38C is considered tobe volatile.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A known volume of fuel is filtered through a pre-weighed test membrane filter and the increase in membranefilter mass is weight determined after wa
16、shing and drying. Thechange in weight of a control membrane located immediatelybelow the test membrane filter is also determined. The objec-tive of using a control membrane is to assess whether the fuelitself influences the weight of a membrane. The particulatecontaminant is determined from the incr
17、ease in mass of the testmembrane relative to the control membrane filter.4.2 In order to ensure safety in handling, the test methodrequires that volatile fuels be transferred from the samplecontainer to the funnel without pouring using a support standshown in Fig. 1. Fuels having a verified flash po
18、int greater than38C (refer to Test Method D56 or Test Methods D93 orD3828) may be transferred by pouring the sample from thesample container directly into the funnel. Bonding of a metallicsample container to the funnel is required. (WarningVolatilefuels such as JP-4 and Jet B or mixtures having flas
19、h pointsbelow 38C have been ignited by electrostatic discharges whenpoured through membrane filters.)4.3 Appendix X2 describes safety precautions to avoidstatic discharge in filtering fuel through membranes.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a gravimetric measurement ofthe particul
20、ate matter present in a sample of aviation turbinefuel delivered to a laboratory for evaluation. The objective is tominimize these contaminants to avoid filter plugging and otheroperational problems. Although tolerable levels of particulatecontaminants have not yet been established for all points in
21、 fueldistribution systems, the total contaminant measurement isnormally of most interest.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Total ContaminantD5452 1226. Apparatus6.1 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, the precisionstandard deviation of which must be 0.07 mg or better.6.2 Oven, of the static ty
22、pe (without fan-assisted aircirculation), controlling to 90 6 5C.6.3 Petri Dishes, approximately 125 mm in diameter withremovable glass supports for membrane filters.6.4 Forceps, flat-bladed with unserrated, non-pointed tips.6.5 Vacuum System.6.6 Test Membrane Filters,3,4plain, 47-mm diameter,nomina
23、l pore size 0.8 m (see Note 1).6.7 Control Membrane Filters,3,447-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m. (Gridded control membrane filters may beused for purpose of identification.)NOTE 1Matched weight membrane filters,447-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m, may be used as test and control membrane f
24、ilters if sodesired. Use of matched-weight membrane filters precludes the necessityfor carrying out subsequently the procedures detailed in Section 10.6.8 Dispenser for Filtered Flushing Fluid, 0.45-m mem-brane filters to be provided in the delivery line (see Fig. 2).Alternatively, flushing fluid th
25、at has been pre-filtered through a0.45 m membrane before delivery to the dispenser flask isacceptable.6.9 Air Ionizer, for the balance case. See Note 2 and Note 3.NOTE 2When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may beomitted provided that, when weighing a membrane filter, it is placed onthe pa
26、n so that no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.NOTE 3Air ionizers should be replaced within 1 year of manufacture.6.10 Filtration Apparatus, of the type shown in Fig. 1.Itconsists of a filter funnel and a funnel base with a filter supportsuch that a membrane filter can be gripped between the s
27、ealingsurface and the base by means of a locking ring. Use a metalfunnel with at least a 70-mm diameter at the top.6.11 Support Stand, (required when the sample flash point islower than 38C) as shown in Fig. X3.1, having adjustableheight, integral spill collection pan at the base, and an edge onthe
28、can shelf to prevent the can from slipping off. The shelf isslotted. Refer to Fig. X3.1 for fabrication details.6.12 Dispensing Cap or Plug, (required when the sampleflash point is lower than 38C) with approximately 9.5-mminside diameter hose barb 32-mm long on which a 75 to100-mm long piece of fuel
29、 resistant, flexible, plastic tubing isinstalled (see Fig. 1). The plug is for sample containers having34 in. (19 mm) female pipe threads while the cap is forcontainers having 1.75 in. (44 mm) diameter sheet metalthreads. Dispensing spouts for other containers must be fabri-cated. The closure gasket
30、 shall be made of a fuel resistantmaterial. A paper composition material is not acceptable.6.13 Sample Container, should be a 3.8 to 5-L (1-gal) epoxylined sample can, preferably the same container in which thesample was collected and should conform to the criteria setforth in Practice D4306. When s
31、amples are collected in asmaller container than recommended here, select a containerthat does not trap particles when the contents are poured out.6.14 Receiving Flask, shall be glass or metal. A graduatedglass flask is preferred so that the space remaining for fuel canbe observed. The filtration app
32、aratus is fitted to the top of theflask. The flask shall be fitted with a side arm to connect thevacuum system. The flask should be large enough to containthe sample and flushing fluids.6.15 Safety Flask, shall be glass containing a sidearmattached to the receiving flask with a fuel and solvent resi
33、stantrubber hose and shall be connected to the vacuum system.6.16 Ground/Bond Wire, #10#19 (0.9122.59 mm) barestranded flexible, stainless steel or copper installed in the flasksand grounded as shown in Fig. 1. If a metallic flask(s) is usedinstead of glass, the flask(s) must be grounded.6.17 Plasti
34、c Film, polyethylene or any other clear film notadversely affected by flushing fluids. Refer to Appendix X4.6.18 Multimeter/VOM, used for determining whether elec-trical continuity is 10 ohms or less between 2 points.4All available membrane filters are not suitable for this application. Apparatuscon
35、sidered for this application shall be checked by the user for suitability inaccordance with the requirements of RR:D02-1012, 1994 revision.FIG. 2 Apparatus for Filtering and Dispensing Flushing FluidD5452 1237. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless o
36、therwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.5Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high
37、 purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type III of Specification D1193.7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, (WarningFlammable.)7.4 Liquid Detergent, water-s
38、oluble.7.5 Flushing FluidsPetroleum spirit (also known as pe-troleum ether or IP Petroleum Spirit 40/60), having boilingrange from 35 to 60C. (WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled. Vapors are easily ignited by electrostaticdischarges, causing flash fire. See Appendix X2.)7.6 Filtered Flushi
39、ng FluidsFiltered fluids are fluids fil-tered through a nominal 0.45-m membrane filter. Filteredflushing fluids are most conveniently obtained by means of thedispenser described in Fig. 2.8. Sampling8.1 All containers and their closures shall be thoroughlycleaned in accordance with Practice D4306.8.
40、2 To obtain a representative sample from a fuel stream andto avoid external contamination, the sample may be drawnfrom the flushing fitting of a field sampling kit (see TestMethod D2276). Ensure that the line is first flushed with thefuel to be sampled and that the line is externally clean.8.3 Wheth
41、er or not a sampling kit is available, suitableprecautions shall be taken to avoid sample contamination bythe use of a suitable sampling point in accordance with TestMethod D2276. If the quick-disconnect sampling connection isnot used, a stainless steel ball or plug type valve should beselected as i
42、ts internal design avoids the possibility of trappingor generating solid contaminant. Samples that are collected forgeneral laboratory or chemical analysis are not necessarilysuitable for this test method because insufficient care may havebeen taken to avoid particulate contamination.8.4 Where possi
43、ble a 3.8 to 5-L (1-gal) fuel sample shouldbe taken, preferably in the same container that will be used inthe test to avoid the need to transfer from one container toanother with increased possibility of contamination. Ideally, asample to be tested should be collected in a single containerand transf
44、erred to the laboratory for testing. If the sample iscollected in small containers such as glass bottles and thenshipped to the laboratory, the collection containers shall behandled in a way to flush particulates into the transportcontainer which should be UN/ICAO approved for publictransport. Resul
45、ts obtained by taking other sample volumes canhave different precisions.8.5 The sample volume shall be quoted with the results. Ifthe sample was transferred from one container to anotherbefore the test was performed, this shall also be noted with thetest results.9. Preparation of Apparatus and Sampl
46、e Containers9.1 Clean all components of the filtration apparatus, includ-ing the funnels, filter base, forceps, petri dishes, dispensing capor plug and tubing (from 6.12) as described in 9.1.2 9.1.6.9.1.1 Remove any labels, tags, and so forth.9.1.2 Wash with warm tap water containing detergent.9.1.3
47、 Rinse thoroughly with warm tap water.9.1.4 Rinse thoroughly with reagent water. Container capsshould be handled only externally with clean laboratorycrucible tongs during this and subsequent washing.9.1.5 Rinse thoroughly with filtered isopropyl alcohol.9.1.6 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing
48、 fluid.9.1.7 For special cleanliness procedures in facilities that canhave airborne dust, see Appendix X4.10. Preparation of Test and Control Membrane Filters10.1 Two 47-mm membrane filters of nominal pore size0.8-m are required: a test and a control membrane filter.Matched-weight membrane filters m
49、ay be used if so desired(see Note 1). If matched-weight membrane filters are used, it isunnecessary to carry out the procedures detailed in this sectionbecause they had been carried out previously by the membranefilter supplier. The two membrane filters used for each indi-vidual test should be identified by marking the petri dishes usedas containers. Clean glassware used in preparation of mem-brane filters must be cleaned as described in 9.1. Refer toAppendix X4.10.1.1 Using forceps, place the test and control membranefilters side by side in a
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