ANSI ASTM E176-2018 Standard Terminology of Fire Standards.pdf

1、Designation: E176 18 An American National StandardStandard Terminology ofFire Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i

2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, anddescriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-response standards, fire-ha

3、zard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standarddefinitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard, fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standar

4、d is properly understood and preciselyinterpreted.NOTE 1For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on FireStandards.21.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro

5、-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on

6、 standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C1224 Specification for Reflective Insul

7、ation for BuildingApplicationsC1313 Specification for Sheet Radiant Barriers for BuildingConstruction ApplicationsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE108 Test Methods fo

8、r Fire Tests of Roof CoveringsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE152 Test Method for Fire Tests Of DoorAssemblies (W

9、ith-drawn 1995)4E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-dardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE163 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Window Assemblies(Withdrawn 1999)4E603 Guide for Room Fire Expe

10、rimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or GeneratedDuring FiresE814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration FirestopSystemsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rat

11、es for Materials and Products Using a Ther-mopile MethodE970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of ExposedAtticFloor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine SurfaceFinishesE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread Propert

12、iesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee

13、 E05 on FireStandards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E176 - 15a1. DOI:10.1520/E0176-18.2Available from ASTM Headquarters,

14、100 Barr Harbor Drive, WestConshohocken, PA 19428.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last a

15、pproved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizat

16、ion established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluat

17、ing the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire ModelsE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-BurningTypeE1513 Practice f

18、or Application of Sprayed Fire-ResistiveMaterials (SFRMs)E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hy-drocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assem-bliesE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandardsE1590 Te

19、st Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisE1740 Test Method for Determining th

20、e Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallCovering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a ConeCalorimeterE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke ObscurationUsing a Conical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber, Wi

21、th the Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyE2032 Guide for Extension of Data From Fire ResistanceTests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flamma-bility Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)E2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-ta

22、tion VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss andIgnitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Ra-diant HeaterE2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength ofCigarettesE2226 Practice for Application o

23、f Hose StreamE2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance ofPerimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-story Test ApparatusE2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Pack-ages for Radioactive MaterialE2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insul

24、ation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesE2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect ofUpholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms ofHealth Care FacilitiesE2335 Guide for Laboratory Monitor

25、sE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) and WoodWall or Ceiling Coverings, Facings and Veneers, toAssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE2405 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Sc

26、ale Testwith Vertically Oriented Specimen (Withdrawn 2011)4E2536 Guide forAssessment of Measurement Uncertainty inFire TestsE2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofSite-Fabricated Stretch Systems to Assess Surface Burn-ing CharacteristicsE2574/E2574M Test Method for Fire Testing of Sc

27、hool BusSeat AssembliesE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofReflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl StretchCeiling Materials for Building Applications to AssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE2632/E2632M Test Method for Evaluating the Under-DeckFire Test Response of Deck M

28、aterialsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a TubeFurnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750CE2653 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine Precision Estimates for a Fire Test Methodwith Fewer Than Six Participating LaboratoriesE2688 Practice for Specimen Pr

29、eparation and Mounting ofTapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2690 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofCaulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning Charac-teristicsE2707 Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration ofExterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impinge-ment

30、 ExposureE2726/E2726M Test Method for Evaluating the Fire-Test-Response of Deck Structures to Burning BrandsE2749 Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of FurnaceExposure on Test SpecimensE2816 Test Methods for Fire Resistive Metallic HVAC DuctSystemsE2837 Test Method for Determining the Fire Resist

31、ance ofContinuity Head-of-Wall Joint Systems Installed BetweenRated Wall Assemblies and Nonrated Horizontal Assem-bliesE2886/E2886M Test Method for Evaluating the Ability ofExterior Vents to Resist the Entry of Embers and DirectFlame ImpingementE2912 Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical FireD

32、ampers Used in Vented ConstructionE2957 Test Method for Resistance to Wildfire Penetration ofEaves, Soffits and Other ProjectionsE176 1822.2 ISO Standards5:ISO 1182, Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility TestISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 DefinitionsTerms and

33、related definitions given inSection 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in allfire test standards and in all fire-test-response standards,fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessmentstandards in which they appear.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 As

34、 indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitionsare intended to provide a precise understanding and interpre-tation of fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessmentstandards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which theyappear.3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable t

35、othe standard or standards in which the term is described andused.3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearingrespectively in two or more standards, are acceptable providedeach one is consistent with and not in conflict with the standarddefinition for the same term, that is, concept.3.2.4

36、 Each standard in which a term is used in a mannerspecially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term andits description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issuesand not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 13943.When dis

37、crepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176shall prevail.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope ofthis standard are given in Section 4 in alphabetical order.AnnexA1 contains the definitions of terms from the section on“Definitions of Terms Specific to This S

38、tandard” from ASTME05 standards.4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed di-rectly under the appropriate definition. The date following eachdefinition or discussion indicates the year of introduction or oflatest revision of that particular definition or discussion.4.3 Definitions:afte

39、rglow, npersistence of glowing combustion after bothremoval of the ignition source and the cessation of anyflaming. (2005)6assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination ofmaterials or products, or both. (1990)burn, vto undergo combustion. (1989)char, vto form carbonaceous residue during p

40、yrolysis orduring incomplete combustion. (1979)char, na carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis orincomplete combustion. (1979)chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent causedby convection currents confined within an essentially verti-cal enclosure. (2006)DISCUSSIONThis usually draws more

41、air into the fire. (2006)combustible, adjcapable of undergoing combustion. (1985)DISCUSSIONThe term combustible is often delimited to specificfire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are consid-ered combustible if they are capable of undergoing combustion in air atpressures and temp

42、eratures that might occur during a fire in a building.Similarly, some materials that are not combustible under such condi-tions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures andpressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment. Materials that are notcombustible in bulk form may be combustible

43、in finely divided form.(1985)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usuallylight either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smolder-ing. ) (1989)combustion products, neffluent produced when a materialundergoes combustion (see

44、also smoke; see also combus-tion). (2001)DISCUSSIONThe combustion process releases effluents that havemass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, asheat or light, and sometimes sound. However, the common usage of theterm combustion products in ASTM E05 standards is only fo

45、r thosewhich have mass. (2001)composite, nstructured combination of two or more discretematerials. (2008)continuous, adjin data collection, conducted at intervals of5 s or less. (2008)effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat generatedper unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly, wh

46、enexposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heatof combustion) (2003).DISCUSSIONThe effective heat of combustion depends on the testmethod and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by themass loss during a specified period of time under the specified testconditions. Typi

47、cally, the specified fire test conditions are provided bythe specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat ofcombustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire testconditions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrationsunder high pressure, the effective heat o

48、f combustion will approximatethe gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions willrepresent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and theeffective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical unitsare kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)environment, nas related to fire,

49、the conditions and sur-roundings that may influence the behavior of a material,product, or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sourcesor fire. (1989)fire, ndestructive burning as manifested by any or all of thefollowing: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)fire-characteristic profile, nan array of fire-test-responsecharacteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the samefire scenario, for a material, product, or assembly to address,5Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secre-tariat 1, rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-