1、Designation: E2230 13 An American National StandardStandard Practice forThermal Qualification of Type B Packages for RadioactiveMaterial1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2230; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice defines detailed methods for thermalqualification of “Type B” radioactive mater
3、ials packages underTitle 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71 (10CFR71) inthe United States or, under International Atomic EnergyAgency Regulation TS-R-1. Under these regulations, packagestransporting what are designated to be Type B quantities ofradioactive material shall be demonstrated to be
4、capable ofwithstanding a sequence of hypothetical accidents withoutsignificant release of contents.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
5、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard
6、 or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology of Fire Stand
7、ardsIEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metric System2.2 Federal Standard:Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71(10CFR71), Packaging and Transportation of RadioactiveMaterial, United States Government Printing Office, Oc-tober 1, 20042.3 Nuclear Regulatory Commis
8、sion Standards:Standard Format and Content of Part 71 Applications forApproval of Packaging of Type B Large Quantity andFissile Radioactive Material, Regulatory Guide7.9, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission,United States Government Printing Office, 1986Standard Review Plan for Transportation
9、 of RadioactiveMaterials, NUREG-1609, United States Nuclear Regula-tory Commission, United States Government PrintingOffice, May 19992.4 International Atomic Energy Agency Standards:Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material,No. TS-R-1, (IAEA ST-1 Revised) International AtomicEnergy
10、Agency, Vienna, Austria, 1996Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material,No. ST-2, (IAEA ST-2) International Atomic EnergyAgency, Vienna, Austria, 19962.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard:Quality Assurance Program Requirements for NuclearFacilities, NQA-1, American So
11、ciety of MechanicalEngineers, New York, 20012.6 International Organization for Standards (ISO) Stan-dard:ISO 9000:2000, Quality Management SystemsFundamentals and Vocabulary, International Organizationfor Standards (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland, 20003. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms
12、 used in this testmethod refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions givenin Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hypothetical accident conditions, na series of acci-dent environments, de
13、fined by regulation, that a Type Bpackage must survive without significant loss of contents.3.2.2 insolation, nsolar energy incident on the surface ofa package.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13
14、on Spent Fueland High Level Waste.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E223008. DOI:10.1520/E2230-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
15、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 normal conditions of transport, na range ofco
16、nditions, defined by regulation, that a package must with-stand during normal usage.3.2.4 regulatory hydrocarbon fire, na fire environment,one of the hypothetical accident conditions, defined byregulation, that a package shall survive for 30 min withoutsignificant release of contents.3.2.5 thermal q
17、ualification, nthe portion of the certifica-tion process for a radioactive materials transportation packagethat includes the submittal, review, and approval of a SafetyAnalysis Report for Packages (SARP) through an appropriateregulatory authority, and which demonstrates that the packagemeets the the
18、rmal requirements stated in the regulations.3.2.6 Type B package, na transportation package that islicensed to carry what the regulations define to be a Type Bquantity of a specific radioactive material or materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This document outlines four methods for meeting thethermal
19、 qualification requirements: qualification by analysis,pool fire testing, furnace testing, and radiant heat testing. Thechoice of the certification method for a particular package isbased on discussions between the package suppliers and theappropriate regulatory authorities prior to the start of the
20、qualification process. Factors that influence the choice ofmethod are package size, construction and cost, as well ashazards associated with certification process. Environmentalfactors such as air and water pollution are increasingly a factorin choice of qualification method. Specific benefits and l
21、imi-tations for each method are discussed in the sections coveringthe particular methods.4.2 The complete hypothetical accident condition sequenceconsists of a drop test, a puncture test, and a 30-min hydro-carbon fire test, commonly called a pool fire test, on thepackage. Submersion tests on undama
22、ged packages are alsorequired, and smaller packages are also required to survivecrush tests that simulate handling accidents. Details of the testsand test sequences are given in the regulations cited. Thisdocument focuses on thermal qualification, which is similar inboth the U.S. and IAEA regulation
23、s. A summary of importantdifferences is included as Appendix X3 to this document. Theoverall thermal test requirements are described generally inPart 71.73 of 10CFR71 and in Section VII of TS-R-1.Additional guidance on thermal tests is also included in IAEAST-2.4.3 The regulatory thermal test is int
24、ended to simulate a30-min exposure to a fully engulfing pool fire that occurs if atransportation accident involves the spill of large quantities ofhydrocarbon fuels from a tank truck or similar vehicle. Theregulations are “mode independent” meaning that they areintended to cover packages for a wide
25、range of transportationmodes such as truck and rail.5. Significance and Use5.1 The major objective of this practice is to provide acommon reference document for both applicants and certifica-tion authorities on the accepted practices for accomplishingpackage thermal qualification. Details and method
26、s for accom-plishing qualification are described in this document in morespecific detail than available in the regulations. Methods thathave been shown by experience to lead to successful qualifi-cation are emphasized. Possible problems and pitfalls that leadto unsatisfactory results are also descri
27、bed.5.2 The work described in this standard practice shall bedone under a quality assurance program that is accepted by theregulatory authority that certifies the package for use. Forpackages certified in the United States, 10 CFR 71 Subpart Hshall be used as the basis for the quality assurance (QA)
28、program, while for international certification, ISO 9000 usuallydefines the appropriate program. The quality assurance pro-gram shall be in place and functioning prior to the initiation ofany physical or analytical testing activities and prior tosubmittal of any information to the certifying authori
29、ty.5.3 The unit system (SI metric or English) used for thermalqualification shall be agreed upon prior to submission ofinformation to the certification authority. If SI units are to bestandard, then use IEEE/ASTM SI-10. Additional units givenin parentheses are for information purposes only.TEST METH
30、ODS6. General Information6.1 In preparing a Safety Analysis Report for Packaging(SARP), the normal transport and accident thermal conditionsspecified in 10CFR71 or IAEATS-R-1 shall be addressed. Forapproval in the United States, reports addressing the thermalissues shall be included in a SARP prepar
31、ed according to theformat described in Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)Regulatory Guide 7.9. Upon review, a package is consideredqualified if material temperatures are within acceptable limits,temperature gradients lead to acceptable thermal stresses, thecavity gas pressure is within design limit
32、s, and safety featurescontinue to function over the entire temperature range. Testinitial conditions vary with regulation, but are intended to givethe most unfavorable normal ambient temperature for thefeature under consideration, and corresponding internal pres-sures are usually at the maximum norm
33、al values unless a lowerpressure is shown to be more unfavorable. Depending on theregulation used, the ambient air temperature is in the -29C(-20F) to 38C (100F) range. Normal transport requirementsinclude a maximum air temperature of 38C (100F),insolation, and a cold temperature of -40C (-40F). Reg
34、ula-tions also include a maximum package surface temperaturesfor personnel protection of 50C (122F). See Appendix X3 forclarification of differences between U.S. and internationalregulations.6.2 Hypothetical accident thermal requirements stated inPart 71.73 or IAEA TS-R-1, Section VII call for a 30
35、minexposure of the entire container to a radiation environment of800C (1475F) with a flame emissivity of 0.9. The surfaceemissivity of the package shall be 0.8 or the package surfacevalue, whichever is greater. With temperatures and emissivitiesstated in the specification, the basic laws of radiatio
36、n heattransfer permit direct calculation of the resulting radiant heatflux to a package surface. This means that what appears at firstE2230 132glance to be a flame or furnace temperature specification is inreality a heat flux specification for testing. Testing shall beconducted with this point in mi
37、nd.6.3 Two definitions of flame emissivity exist, and thiscauses confusion during the qualification process. Siegel andHowell, 2001, provide the textbook definition for a cloud of hotsoot particles representing a typical flame zone in open poolfires. In this definition the black body emissive power
38、of theflame, T4, is multiplied by the flame emissivity, , in order toaccount for the fact that soot clouds in flames behave as if theywere weak black body emitters. A second definition of flameemissivity, often used for package analysis, assumes that theflame emissivity, , is the surface emissivity
39、of a large,high-temperature, gray-body surface that both emits and re-flects energy and completely surrounds the package underanalysis. The second definition leads to slightly higher (con-servative) heat fluxes to the package surface, and also leads toa zero heat flux as the package surface reaches
40、the firetemperature. For the first definition, the heat flux falls to zerowhile the package surface is somewhat below the fire tempera-ture. For package qualification, use of the second definition isoften more convenient, especially with computer codes thatmodel surface-to-surface thermal radiation,
41、 and is usuallypermitted by regulatory authorities.6.4 Convective heat transfer from moving air at 800C shallalso be included in the analysis of the hypothetical accidentcondition. Convection correlations shall be chosen to conformto the configuration (vertical or horizontal, flat or curvedsurface)
42、that is used for package transport. Typical flowvelocities for combustion gases measured in large fires rangeare in the 1 to 10 m/s range with mean velocities near themiddle of that range (see Schneider and Kent, 1989, Gregory,et al, 1987, and Koski, et al, 1996). No external non-naturalcooling of t
43、he package after heat input is permitted after the fireevent, and combustion shall proceed until it stops naturally.During the fire, effects of solar radiation are often neglected foranalysis and test purposes.6.5 For purposes of analysis, the hypothetical accidentthermal conditions are specified by
44、 the surface heat flux values.Peak regulatory heat fluxes for low surface temperaturestypically range from 55 to 65 kW/m2. Convective heat transferfrom air is estimated from convective heat transfercorrelations, and contributes of 15 to 20 % of the total heatflux. The value of 15 to 20 % value is co
45、nsistent withexperimental estimates. Recent versions of the regulationsspecify moving, hot air for convection calculations, and anappropriate forced convection correlation shall be used in placeof the older practice that assumed still air convection.Afurtherdiscussion of heat flux values is provided
46、 in 7.2.6.6 While 10CFR71 or TS-R-1 values represent typicalpackage average heat fluxes in pool fires, large variations inheat flux depending on both time and location have beenobserved in actual pool fires. Local heat fluxes as high as 150kW/m2under low wind conditions are routinely observed forlow
47、 package surface temperatures. For high winds, heat fluxesas high as 400 kW/m2are observed locally. Local flux valuesare a function of several parameters, including height above thepool. Thus the size, shape, and construction of the packageaffects local heat flux conditions. Designers shall keep the
48、possible differences between the hypothetical accident andactual test conditions in mind during the design and testingprocess. These differences explain some unpleasant surprisessuch as localized high seal or cargo temperatures that haveoccurred during the testing process.6.7 For proper testing, goo
49、d simulations of both the regula-tory hydrocarbon fire heat flux transient and resulting materialtemperatures shall be achieved. Unless both the heat flux andmaterial surface temperature transients are simultaneouslyreproduced, then the thermal stresses resulting from materialtemperature gradients and the final container temperature arereported to be erroneously high or low. Some test methods arebetter suited to meeting these required transient conditions fora particular package than others. The relative benefits andlimitations of the various methods in simul
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