1、Designation: E2280 13 An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of UpholsteredSeating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health CareFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2280; the number immediately following the designation indicate
2、s the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe traditional approach to codes and standard
3、s is the specification of individual fire-test-responserequirements for each material, component or product placed in a certain environment and deemedimportant to ensure fire safety. This practice has been in place for so long that it gives a significantlevel of comfort: a manufacturers knows what i
4、s required to comply with the specifications andspecifiers apply the requirements. Implicit assumptions, not stated, are that the use of the prescribedrequirements ensures an adequate level of safety. There is no need to impose any change on thosemanufacturers who supply safe systems meeting existin
5、g prescriptive requirements. However, as newmaterials and products are developed, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire theflexibility to choose how the overall safety requirements are to be met. Thus, it is the responsibilityof the developer of an alternative approach to state expli
6、citly the assumptions being made to producethe output. The way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to provide a performance-basedapproach, based on test methods providing data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safetyengineering calculations, as this guide provides. The resulti
7、ng fire hazard assessment focuses onupholstered seating furniture items within patient rooms in health care occupancies. This requiresdeveloping the fire scenarios to be considered and the effect of all contents and design considerationswithin the patient room which are potentially able to affect th
8、e resulting fire hazard. This offersopportunities for innovation, and ingenuity, without compromising safety.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments forupholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of healthcare occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contem-por
9、ary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a firehazard assessment for use in specifications for upholsteredseating furniture in such occupancies.1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potentialseverity of the fires that can develop with certain products indefined scenarios, once the i
10、ncidents have occurred. Hazardassessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring,but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used forregulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how toconduct a fire hazard assess
11、ment.1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to thoseinterested in mitigating the potential damage from fires asso-ciated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health careoccupancies.1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the firehazard of materials, assemblies, or systems
12、 intended for use inupholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for study-ing the level of fire safety associated with certain designchoices. It can also aid those interested in designing featuresappropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may beuseful to safety personnel in health
13、care occupancies.1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E1546,which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specificto upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and in-cludes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E1546in that it offers guidance that is specif
14、ic to the issue of1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings andContents.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved i
15、n 2009 as E2280-09 DOI:10.1520/E2280-13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities,rather than general guidance. Appendix X11 includes somestatistics on the magnitu
16、de of the potential problem in the U.S.1.7 A fire hazard assessment conducted in accordance withthis guide is strongly dependent on the limitations in the factorsdescribed in 1.7.1 1.7.4.1.7.1 Input data (including their precision or accuracy).1.7.2 Appropriate test procedures.1.7.3 Fire models or c
17、alculation procedures that are simul-taneously relevant, accurate and appropriate.1.7.4 Advancement of scientific knowledge.1.8 This guide addresses specific fire scenarios which begininside or outside of the patient room. However, the upholsteredfurniture under consideration is inside the patient r
18、oom.1.9 The fire scenarios used for this hazard assessment guideare described in 9.2. They involve the upholstered furnitureitem within the patient room as the first or second item ignited,in terms of the room of fire origin. Additionally, considerationshould be given to the effect of the patient ro
19、om upholsteredfurniture item on the tenability of occupants of rooms otherthan the room of fire origin, and on that of potential rescuers.1.10 This guide does not claim to address all fires that canoccur in patient rooms in health care occupancies. In particular,fires with more severe initiating con
20、ditions than those assumedin the analysis may pose more severe fire hazard than thatcalculated using this guide (see also 9.5).1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address a
21、ll of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantita-tiv
22、e measures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE662 Test Method for Specific Optica
23、l Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Uphols
24、tered Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability ofDete
25、rministic Fire ModelsE1472 Guide for Documenting Computer Software for FireModels (Withdrawn 2011)3E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing
26、of Upholstered Furni-tureE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandardsE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1591 Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth ModelsE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of WallCover
27、ing or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a ConeCalorimeterE2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesF1534 Test Method f
28、or Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Cushioning Materials AfterWater Leaching2.2 CA Standards:4CA Technical Bulletin 116, “Requirements, Test Procedureand Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Up-holstered Furniture,” January 1980CA Technical Bulletin 117, “Require
29、ments, TestProcedures, and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retar-dance of Resilient Filling Materials Used in UpholsteryFurniture,” January 19802.3 NFPA Codes and Standards:5NFPA101 Code to Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings andStructuresNFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom
30、Fire Growth Contribution ofTextileWall CoveringsNFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Wall and CeilingInterior FinishNFPA555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probabilityof Flashover2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
31、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from California Bureau of Home Fu
32、rnishings and ThermalInsulation, State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 OrangeGrove Avenue, North Highlands, CA, 95660-5595.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.E2280 132NFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.
33、4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:6ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabularyISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface ProductsISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary2.5 Federal Standards:7Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test M
34、ethod 58302.6 Underwriters Laboratories Standard:8UL 1975 Standard Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used forDecorative Purposes2.7 International Code Council Codes:9IBC International Building Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000EditionIFC International Fire Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000Edition2.8 AATCC Stand
35、ards:10AATCC Test Method 86 - 2005 Drycleaning: Durability ofApplied Designs and FinishesAATCCTest Method 124 - 2006Appearance of Fabrics afterRepeated Home Laundering3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide and associatedwith fire issues refer to the terminology contained in Te
36、rmi-nology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitionsgiven in Terminology E176 shall prevail. For definitions ofterms used in this guide and associated with textile issues referto the terminology contained in Terminology D123 and ISO4880. In case of conflict, the definitions given in T
37、erminologyD123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions: Definitions contained in Terminology E176deemed essential for use with this guide:3.2.1 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated withfire.3.2.1.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards a
38、reassociated with the environment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assem-blies including but not limited to ease of ignition, flame spread,rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicityof combustion products and ease of extinguishme
39、nt.3.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a material, product,or assembly in a specific fire, other than in a fire test involvingcontrolled conditions (different from fire-test-responsecharacteristic, q.v.).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ASTM Policy on Fire Standardsdistinguishes between the response of materi
40、als, products orassemblies to heat and flame “under controlled conditions,”which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fireconditions,” which is fire performance. Fire performancedepends on the occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of
41、 fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,appropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, isgenerally used as a predictor of the fire performance of amaterial, product, or assembly.3.2.3 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions,including environmental, o
42、f one or more of the steps frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe conditions describing a firescenario, or a group of fire scenarios, are those required for thetesting, analysis, or assessment that is of interest. Typ
43、icallythey are those conditions that can create significant variation inthe results. The degree of detail necessary will depend upon theintended use of the fire scenario. Environmental conditionsmay be included in a scenario definition but are not required inall cases. Fire scenarios often define co
44、nditions in the earlysteps of a fire while allowing analysis to calculate conditions inlater steps.3.2.4 flashover, nthe rapid transition to a state of totalsurface involvement in a fire of combustible materials withinan enclosure.3.2.4.1 DiscussionFlashover occurs when the surfacetemperatures of an
45、 enclosure and its contents rise, producingcombustible gases and vapors, and the enclosure heat fluxbecomes sufficient to heat these gases and vapors to theirignition temperatures. This commonly occurs when the upperlayer temperature reaches 600C or when the radiant heat fluxat the floor reaches 20
46、kW/m2.3.2.5 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from thespecimen, per unit of time.3.2.6 smoke, nthe airborne solid and liquid particulatesand gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis orcombustion.3.2.7 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3
47、.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 tenability (of humans to fire-generated conditions),nthe capability of humans to occupy a room without becom-ing incapacitated or being killed as a result of a fire.3.3.2 tenability limit (of humans to fire-generated condi-tions) , nlimit at wh
48、ich a human being is rendered physicallyincapacitated or dies as a consequence of exposure to one ormore factors (such as toxic gases, temperature, heat flux, orsmoke obscuration) generated by a fire.3.3.3 upholstered seating furniture, n a unit of interiorfurnishing that (1) contains any surface th
49、at is covered, in6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY10036.7Available from General Services Administration, Specifications Activity,Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant,Washington, DC, 20407.8Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.9Available from International Code Council (ICC),
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