1、Designation: F2223 15 An American National StandardStandard Guide forASTM Standards on Playground Surfacing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers standards for selecting and specifyingsurface systems under and around playground equipment.1.2 This gui
3、de describes how to apply existing ASTMstandards to evaluate the impact attenuation, accessibilitycharacteristics and product characteristics when selecting sur-facing systems for use under and around playground equip-ment.1.3 This guide does not imply that an injury cannot beincurred when the surfa
4、ce system complies with standardsreferred to in this guide.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 WarningMercury has bee
5、n designated by EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury-containing products. See the applica
6、ble product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website(http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa-tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited bystate law.1.6 This standard does not purpo
7、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C136
8、 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesF963 Consume
9、r Safety Specification for Toy SafetyF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Play-ground Equipment for Public UseF1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft ContainedPlay Equip
10、mentF1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility ofSurface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-mentF2075 Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use as aPlayground Safety Surface Under and Around PlaygroundEquipmentF2479 Guide for Specification, Purchase, Installation andMaintena
11、nce of Poured-In-Place Playground SurfacingF3012 Specification for Loose-Fill Rubber for Use as aPlayground Safety Surface under and around PlaygroundEquipment2.2 Canadian Standard:CSA Z614 Childrens Playspaces and Equipment32.3 Government Publications:CPSC (US Consumer Product Safety Commission) Ha
12、nd-book for Public Playground Safety, Pub. No. 32541This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published
13、November 2015. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2223 10. DOI:10.1520/F2223-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
14、the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,Toronto, ON Canada M9W1R3.4Available from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC20207, website: www.cpsc.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
15、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1EPA Method 3050B Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges,and Soil5EPA Method 3051A Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion ofSediments, Sludges, Soils, and oils5EPA Method 6010B5EPA Method 7470A Mercury in Liquid Wastes (ManualCold-Vapor Techn
16、ique)516 CFR 1500.48 Technical requirements for determining asharp point in toys and other articles intended for use bychildren under 8 years of age6US Code of Federal Regulations Part 3, 36 CFR Part1191 Americans with Disabilities Act AccessibilityGuidelines: Play Areas: (Final Rule)3. Terminology3
17、.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 accelerationthe time rate of change of velocity.3.1.2 critical heightthe maximum height in full feet for asurfacing system that, when tested in accordance with Speci-fication F1292, no value shall exceed 200 g -max or 1000 HIC.3.1.3 deceleratio
18、nthe time rate of reduction of velocity.3.1.4 drop heightthe distance from which the instru-mented headform is released to the surface.3.1.5 fall heightthe vertical distance between a designatedplay surface of the play equipment and the protective surfacingbeneath it. In the case of swings, the vert
19、ical distance from thepivot point for the swinging element to the protective surfacebeneath it. The playground standard that has relevant jurisdic-tion should be consulted with relation to specific play struc-tures.3.1.6 gacceleration due to gravity at the earths surface atsea level (32 ft/s2(9.8 m/
20、s2).3.1.7 g-maxthe multiple of g that represents a maximumdeceleration experienced during an initial impact.3.1.8 headformthe striking part of testing apparatus.3.1.9 head injury criteria (HIC)a measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the decelera
21、tion pulse persists as well as the peaklevel of deceleration.3.1.10 impact attenuationthe ability of a surface to reduceand dissipate the energy of an impacting body.3.1.11 impact velocitythe velocity of a falling body im-mediately prior to striking the surface.3.1.12 loose fill systema surface syst
22、em consisting ofsmall independent, moveable components such as sand, gravel,wood chips, engineered wood fiber, rubber particles, and likematerials.3.1.13 surface systemall materials that contribute to theimpact absorption of force to minimize the likelihood of a lifethreatening head injury under and
23、 around a piece of playgroundequipment.3.1.14 theoretical drop heightequates the measured veloc-ity of the headform to a height that would generate the samevelocity if the test were performed at sea level and there was nofriction to retard the headform during a drop from that height.3.1.15 unitary s
24、ystema surface system consisting of oneor more components bound together, such as foam composites,urethane/rubber systems such as prefabricated blocks, tiles, ormats or as poured in place, and like materials.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is to be used to assist the playgroundowner/operator,
25、specifier, designer, etc., in determining theproperties that can be considered with regard to the protectivesurfacing in the playground. It is the intent to outline therequirements associated with design, installation, and mainte-nance of the surface. This is not a technical document andtechnical in
26、formation must be found in the various standards.5. Background and Rationale5.1 Since 1986, ASTM has been involved in the ongoingdevelopment and publishing of a standard specification for theimpact attenuation of the surface systems installed under andaround playground equipment. This is the work of
27、 the F08.63subcommittee on playground surfaces. This subcommitteeconsists of a broad spectrum of members including testinglaboratory personnel, scientists, engineers, manufacturers,safety experts, and owner/operators of playgrounds.5.2 In 1986, Subcommittee F08.63 was given the responsi-bility to re
28、spond to the need for a standard for the impact-attenuating surface under and around playground equipment.Specification F1292 was first published in 1991. Since then, thespecification has been revised five times in 93, 94, 95, 96,and 99.5.3 In 1998, the subcommittee published a provisionalstandard s
29、pecification (PS 83) for determination of accessibil-ity for wheelchair access of surface systems under and aroundplayground equipment. The standard was elevated to a fullstandard (see Specification F1951) in 1999.6. Factors to Consider in the Selection and Specificationof Surface Systems6.1 Types o
30、f MaterialEvery surface system is unique inmaterial, formulation, composition, and source of raw materi-als and should be tested to confirm conformance with theASTM specifications as identified within this guide (Specifi-cations F1292, F1951, and F2075).7. Impact Attenuation7.1 The initial work of S
31、ubcommittee F08.63 was especiallyimportant since injuries sustained from falls to the surface weredetermined to be 60 % of all playground injuries.7.2 There are two measurements considered in the guide.The first is the g-max and the second is the HIC or Head Injury5Available from United States Envir
32、onmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.F2223 152Criter
33、ia. It should be recognized that serious injuries (forexample, long bone injuries and so forth) might occur eventhough the playground surfacing system meets the require-ments of Specification F1292. Lower values of g-max and HICsignify better performance for impact absorption.7.3 The g-maxThe g-max
34、is the measurement of the peakdeceleration of an instrumented metal headform when itimpacts the surface. When the object falls from the same heightonto a hard surface such as concrete, the impact duration willbe very short and therefore the peak deceleration (g-max) willbe high, but an impact on a r
35、esilient surface that yields anddeforms with the force, results in a longer impact and a lowerpeak deceleration (g-max).7.4 Head Injury Criteria (HIC)A measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peakleve
36、l of the deceleration.7.5 Critical HeightThe maximum height from which theinstrumented metal headform, upon impact, yields either ag-max that does not exceed 200 gs or HIC exceeding 1000,when tested in accordance with the procedure described inSpecification F1292. The United States Consumer ProductS
37、afety Commission states that “critical heightthe fall heightbelow which a life-threatening head injury would not beexpected to occur.”7.5.1 The surfacing material used under and around aparticular piece of playground equipment should have a criticalheight value of at least the height of the highest
38、designated playsurface on the equipment.7.5.2 The CPSC Handbook for Public Playground Safety(see 2.3), Specification F1487 for play structures, as well asother national standards (see Section 2), provide fall heights forvarious pieces of playground equipment.7.6 Testing:7.6.1 Laboratory Testing (Thr
39、ee Temperatures)Specification F1292 recognizes that children play in climateswith diverse temperature ranges. For this reason, the materialsthat are used under playground equipment are required to betested in a laboratory at the temperatures of 30F, 72F, and120F (1C, 23C, and 49C) to determine the h
40、eight fromwhich the g-max does not exceed 200 or the HIC does notexceed 1000. The determination of this height is the criticalheight. When selecting an appropriate playground surfacesystem, the owner, specifier, or purchaser, or a combinationthereof, of the playground should ensure that the critical
41、 heightmeets or exceeds the fall height.7.6.2 Minimum Performance StandardsSpecificationF1292 states that the pass/fail measurements for the specifica-tion are minimums.7.6.3 Field TestingSpecification F1292 allows for theperformance testing of the playground surface in the field. Boththe g-max must
42、 not exceed 200 and the HIC must not exceed1000 (the same as the laboratory test). The fall height isdetermined by the appropriate playground equipment standard(for example, in the United States, Specification F1487,inCanada, CSA Z614), however, the purchaser may specify ahigher drop height consiste
43、nt with the specification at the timeof purchase. The specification requires that the drops take placeat a minimum of three locations for each play structure orfunctionally linked play structures in a playground site andshall include those areas that may exhibit less than optimalimpact characteristi
44、cs. These areas may be high traffic orcompressed areas as well as areas containing seams, partitions,corners and fasteners, or anchors. The equipment operator shallbe trained in the proper orientation of the test instrument by acompetent agency.7.6.3.1 A failure for impact attenuation of the field t
45、est willbe where the average of the last two of three drops at the exactsame location and drop height using the procedure in thestandard from the drop height specified by the purchaser for thesurface produces a g-max greater than 200 or a HIC greaterthan 1000. These tests can be carried out at any a
46、mbienttemperature. If the surface fails, the guide requires the owner/operator of the playground to repair or replace the failedsurface with a surface that will comply with the standard ortake the applicable part of the playground (play structure andsurface) out of service until the surface can be b
47、rought intocompliance.7.6.4 The guide allows for the surface material to be testedin a laboratory to simulate wet and frozen conditions.8. Wheelchair Work Measure for Accessible SurfacingSystems8.1 In 1996, it was determined that there was a need for aperformance standard to determine the suitabilit
48、y of surfacingfor persons with disabilities. The result was SpecificationF1951.8.2 Laboratory TestingThe tests for determining accessi-bility for surfacing materials are performed on a prepared testbed of the material being tested. Testing is performed with thesample temperature in the range of 40 t
49、o 100F. A rider,weighing 165 + 11 4.4 lb, propels a wheelchair in a straightline, as well as turning 90, on the sample surface. Five trialsare run for each test, with the high and low values discarded,and an average is taken from the remaining three. For loose fillsystems, the sample is prepared each time the test is performed.The work per foot required to navigate on the surface shall notexceed the work per foot required to navigate a 7.1 6 0.2 %grade on a hard, smooth surface. The owner/operator of theloose fill surface material tha
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