1、Designation: F2747 10Standard Guide forConstruction of Sand-based Rootzones for Golf PuttingGreens and Tees1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for theconstruction of high performance sand-based rootzones forgolf gre
3、ens and tees. This guide provides guidance for theselection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc.,for use in designing and constructing sand-based golf turfrootzones.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenancetechniques are influenced by existing soil types, climaticfact
4、ors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipmentavailable, budget and training, and the ability of managementpersonnel.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace educa
5、tion or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofessional service must be judged, nor should
6、 this documentbe applied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this documentmeans only that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in
7、parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limi
8、tations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineD422 Test Method for P
9、article-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1883 Test Method
10、 for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofLaboratory-Compacted SoilsD1997 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of theFiber Content of Peat Samples by Dry MassD2944 Test Method of Sampling Processed Peat MaterialsD2974 Test Methods for Moisture,Ash, and Organic Matterof Peat and Other Organic SoilsD2
11、976 Test Method for pH of Peat MaterialsD2980 Test Method for Volume Mass, Moisture-HoldingCapacity, and Porocity of Saturated Peat MaterialsD4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Test-ingD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsF1632 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and SandShape Grading
12、of Golf Course Putting Green and SportsField Rootzone MixesF1647 Test Methods for Organic Matter Content of PuttingGreen and Sports Turf Root Zone MixesF1815 Test Methods for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,Water Retention, Porosity, and Bulk Density of PuttingGreen and Sports Turf Root Zones1This
13、guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 onNatural Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published March 2011. DOI: 10.1520/F2747-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
15、 States.F2060 Guide for Maintaining Cool Season Turfgrasses onAthletic FieldsF2107 Guide for Construction and Maintenance of SkinnedAreas on Baseball and Softball FieldsF2269 Guide for Maintaining Warm Season Turfgrasses onAthletic FieldsF2397 Specification for Protective Headgear Used in Mar-tial A
16、rtsF2651 Terminology Relating to Soil and Turfgrass Charac-teristics of Natural Playing Surfaces3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as noted, soil related definitions are in accor-dance with Terminologies D653 and F2651.4. Significance and Use4.1 A dense, uniform, smooth and vigorously (or he
17、althy)growing natural turfgrass golf green or tee provides the idealand preferred putting or teeing surface for golf. Sand iscommonly used to construct high performance putting greenand tee rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as a primaryconstruction material due to its compaction resistance andimprove
18、d drainage and aeration compared to other soil mate-rials. A loamy soil that may provide a more stable surface andenhanced growing media compared to sand under optimal ornormal conditions will quickly compact and deteriorate incondition if used in periods of excessive soil moisture, such asduring or
19、 following a rain event. A properly constructedsand-based rootzone on the other hand will resist compactioneven during wet periods. Even when compacted, sands willretain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared tonative soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such,sand-based rootz
20、ones are more conducive to providing anall-weather type of putting or teeing surface. Once compacted,sands are also easier to decompact with the use of mechanicalaeration equipment.4.2 Properties of both the soil and grass plants must beconsidered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a highqua
21、lity putting green or tee installation. Turfgrasses utilizedmust be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capableof forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowingheight. Unvegetated sand is not inherently stable and thereforeit is imperative that grasses are utilized to withstand
22、the rigorsof play. Sand does however have incredible load bearingcapacity and if a dense, uniform turf cover is maintained thesand-based system can provide a firm and uniform playingsurface.4.3 A successful sand-based rootzone system is dependentupon the proper selection of materials to use in the p
23、roject. Theproper selection of sand, organic amendments, soil, and gravelis of vital concern to the performance of the system. Thisstandard guide addresses these issues.4.3.1 During construction, consideration should be given tofactors such as the physical and chemical properties of root-zone materi
24、als, surface and internal drainage as well as stonesand other debris.4.3.2 Maintenance practices that influence playability in-clude mowing, irrigation, fertilization, and mechanical aera-tion. These factors are addressed in other standards (GuidesF2060, F2269, and F2397).4.4 Those responsible for t
25、he design, construction, or main-tenance, or a combination thereof, of golf putting greens andtees will benefit from this guide.4.5 A successful project development depends upon properplanning and upon the selection of and cooperation amongdesign and construction team members. A sand-based puttinggr
26、een/tee rootzone project design team should include a golfcourse architect/designer, an agronomist or soil scientist, orboth, and an owners design representative. Additions to theteam during the construction phase should include an ownersproject manager (often an expansion of role for the ownersdesi
27、gn representative), an owners quality control agent (oftenthe personnel that is employed in advance with the intent ofbecoming the finished projects golf course superintendent/greenskeeper), an owners testing agent (often an expansion ofroles for the projects agronomist/soil scientist) and the con-t
28、ractor.4.5.1 Planning for projects must be conducted well inadvance of the intended construction date. Often this planningrequires numerous meetings to create a calendar of events,schedule, approvals, assessments, performance criteria, qualitycontrol (QC) protocols, material sourcing, geotechnical r
29、e-ports, and construction budgets.NOTE 1Other specifications on soils for golf green and putting greenconstruction that have been published were considered during the devel-opment of this standard.5. Construction5.1 The steps involved in the construction of a new puttinggreen or tee include:(1) Surv
30、ey and stake the site to establish subgrade and finishgrade elevations,(2) Construct and prepare subgrade, subgrade being correctand certified,(3) Install subsurface drainage system,(4) Frame out putting green/tee perimeter as appropriate,(5) Install irrigation system (irrigation system may beinstal
31、led prior to rootzone installation),(6) Prepare for rootzone installation,(a) secure suitable sand, properly tested and approved,(b) blend any amendments with sand to project specifica-tions, approve using QC program,(c) install approved gravel (if included in design),(7) Install rootzone blend,(8)
32、Bring green/tee to final grade and contour as perspecifications, compact to specifications,(a) a pre-plant fertilizer application may be applied at thispoint as specified,(9) Establish turf by appropriate methods (seed, sprigs, plugsor sod),(10) Apply fertilizer as appropriate based upon soil testre
33、commendations, and(11) Turf to be established based upon grow-in recommen-dations from a competent agronomist for the turf speciesutilized and the climate of the site.5.2 Survey and StakeThis procedure should be done toconform to project Golf Course Architects specifications asF2747 102appropriate f
34、or the grade contour. When constructing a replace-ment green or tee, this step may be deleted or modified asappropriate. Care should be taken to protect staking during theconstruction process.5.3 Construct and Prepare SubgradeContour the sub-grade to specifications at a suggested tolerance of +25 mm
35、 (1in.) within 3 m (10 ft) of linear direction as specified in 5.5.7.The subgrade should be installed finished to a depth such toaccommodate the final profile depth of rootzone and a gravellayer (if included). The subgrade should be compacted suffi-ciently (suggested 85 % minimum to 90 % maximum sta
36、ndardproctor density (Test Methods D698) to prevent future set-tling. Subgrade should be designed to conform to the surfacecontour of finished putting surface.5.4 Subsurface Drainage SystemMany types of designsexist for subsurface drainage with the most common includinga grid or herringbone pattern.
37、 Most commonly used drainagesystems for sand-based putting greens and tees utilize perfo-rated drainlines with 10 cm (4 in.) diameter in a 4.5 to 6 m (15to 20 ft) spacing between drainline laterals. This spacingtypically depends upon site conditions such as height abovegroundwater, surface grading,
38、and soil type of the subgrade.5.4.1 Drainline TrenchesTrenches constructed for drain-lines should be excavated into a properly prepared, graded andcompacted subgrade. Drainage trenches should be deep enoughto conform to the drainage contours. All drainage trenches anddrainline installations should m
39、aintain a minimum positiveslope gradient of 0.5 % towards drainage outlets with trenchbottoms compacted to subgrade specifications. Drainage exca-vations should be made such that a minimum of 5 cm (2 in.) ofbedding material can be contained around the installed drain-line (below, to each side, and a
40、bove). For example, a 10 cm (4in.) diameter drainline installation will require a minimumdimension of 20 cm (8 in.) wide by 20 cm (8 in.) depth (forexample, 10 cm drainline + (5 cm/side 3 2 sides) = 20 cm; 10cm drainline+5cmtop+5cmbottom = 20 cm). Oncedrainage trenches are excavated, all excavated m
41、aterial shouldbe removed from the subgrade surface and disposed off thegreen or tee construction site. The subgrade should have noelevations of subgrade soil material such to hinder the flow ofwater along the subgrade interface into the drainage trench.Once drainage trenches have been excavated, the
42、 trenchbottoms should be sufficiently compacted to the subgradecompaction specifications prior to installation of drainagesystem. Subgrade shall be re-surveyed and certified prior togravel or rootzone import.5.4.2 Surface DrainageTo maintain adequate surfacedrainage, all green/tee installations shou
43、ld include a minimumof 0.5 % slope gradient (contours) to remove water off of theputting green/tee in case of a storm event with severe rainfallintensity.NOTE 2In planning and designing projects, consideration shall begiven to the permeability of the rootzone when determining the slope ofthe finishe
44、d surface and the need for adjacent surface drainage systems.Further consideration shall be given in cold climates where frost penetra-tion may impact the permeability of the rootzone when determining theslope of the finished surface and the need for adjacent surface drainagesystems. Generally, the
45、need for improved surface drainage increases asthe permeability of the rootzone decreases.5.4.3 Sub-Surface Drainage MaterialThree recom-mended options exist for the use of drainage material. Option1: sand rootzone material is utilized to backfill around drain-lines within the drainage trenches. Opt
46、ion 2: gravel material isutilized to backfill around drainlines in the drainage trenches.Option 3: gravel is utilized to backfill around drainlines indrainage trenches and to form a drainage layer overlying thesubgrade before placement of rootzone sand blend. Option 3 isthe method recommended by the
47、 USGA for putting greeninstallations. All backfill treatments shall be compacted tospecifications prior to further installation procedures. It isrecommended that backfill for trench bottoms is installed andcompacted prior to installing drain pipe into the trenches. It isrecommended that the trench b
48、ottom remain unobstructed andno soil pilings, wood blocks, concrete or metal blocks areutilized to permanently adjust and maintain the slope ofdrainlines. Any blocks which were temporarily used for thispurpose must be removed from underneath the drainlines andany cavities backfilled before proceedin
49、g. It is recommendedthat drainage trenches (bottom and sides ONLY) should belined with a woven geosynthetic filter fabric to preventcontamination (lateral movement of subgrade materials intotrench fill). Geosynthetic filter fabric should NOT be used tocover the drainage trench. Many geosynthetic filter fabrics areprone (or designed) to plug from fine particulates as they“filter” them from passing through the fabric. Therefore, thesefabrics should never be used to wrap a drainline, cover adrainage trench, to cover a gravel drainage layer, or to separatethe rootzone f
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