ANSI ATIS 0600330-2013 Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries Used in the Telecommunications Environment.pdf

1、 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS ATIS-0600330.2013 VALVE REGULATED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES USED IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENVIRONMENT As a leading technology and solutions development organization, ATIS brings together the top global ICT companies to advance the industrys most-pressing

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5、 information, visit . AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Bo

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11、erformance expectations for these cells (or modules) throughout their lifetime; (c) operating conditions for the appropriate use of these cells (or modules); and (d) guidance for the designers of these cells (or modules). 1.4 Theory of Operation The VRLA cell is designed to minimize gas emissions an

12、d eliminate electrolyte maintenance throughout the life of the cell. This is accomplished by recombination of internally generated oxygen gas and suppression of hydrogen gas evolution to conserve water in the electrolyte, since water is not expected to be replaced. A resealable valve is included to

13、vent gases not recombined. It is for this reason that these cells (or modules) are called “valve-regulated“. The charge-discharge reactants and products of the VRLA cell are the same as those of the flooded lead-acid cell (see Annex C). However, the VRLA cell has one fundamental difference: it is in

14、 the rate at which oxygen, evolved from the positive plates, diffuses to the negative plates, ultimately forming water. This diffusion process can occur at rates up to several orders of magnitude faster than in flooded cells. The oxygen recombination rate translates to a reduction in the volume of w

15、ater lost by electrolysis. Water loss from evaporation is minimized by operation in a benign ambient, using appropriate materials and properly designed seals. The electrolyte in a VRLA cell (or module) is “immobilized“. The two most common methods of immobilizing the electrolyte are discussed here,

16、although other methods are possible. The first method ATIS-0600330.2013 2 uses highly porous fibrous mats which hold the electrolyte while separating and electrically insulating the plates. The second method uses a gelling agent to thicken the electrolyte that is distributed between and around the c

17、ell plates and separators. With both methods, the intent is to immobilize the electrolyte and create voids that increase the rate of oxygen diffusion and recombination. 2 Normative References The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of t

18、his American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards

19、 indicated below. ATIS 0600311.2007 (R2012), Telecommunications DC power systems Telecommunication enviroment protection.1ATIS 0600329.2008, Telecommunications Network equipment Earthquake resistance.2ANSI/UL 94, Tests for flammability of plastic materials for parts in devices and appliances.3ANSI/U

20、L 924, Emergency lighting and power equipment.3ASTM D2863-87, Test method for measuring the minimum oxygen concentration to support candle-like combustion of plastics (oxygen index).4IEC 801-2-1991, Part 2: Electrostatic discharge requirements.5Code of Federal Regulations, 49, Transportation, Parts

21、100 to 177, Section 173.159.6IEEE 1635/ASHRAE 21, Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications.7_1This document is available from the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), 1200 G Street N.W., Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005 . 2This do

22、cument is available from the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS), 1200 G Street N.W., Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005 . 3This document is available from Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (via comm2000). 4This document is available from the American Society for Testing and Materia

23、ls (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Phone: (610) 832-9585, Fax: (610) 832-9555, . 5This document is available from the International Electrotechnical Commission. 6This document is available from the Government Printing Office at . 7This document is available from the

24、Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ATIS-0600330.2013 3 3 Definitions 3.1 absorbed glass mat (AGM) battery: A battery that uses fiber glass separators that absorb electrolytes. 3.2 battery: A unit consisting of two or more cells connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel

25、 arrangement to supply the voltage and current requirements of the connected load. 3.3 battery discharge duty cycle: The load current profile that a battery is expected to supply for a given time period and to a specified end voltage. 3.4 cell: The basic electrochemical unit, consisting of an anode

26、and a cathode within a common electrolyte, used to receive, store, and deliver electrical energy. For a lead-acid system, the nominal cell voltage is 2 V. 3.5 eight-hour rate: A discharge current delivered by a cell (or module) for a specified time of eight hours, to an end voltage of 1.75 V/cell, a

27、t a temperature of 25C, used to establish the rated capacity of the cell. 3.6 float operation: Operation of a dc system with the battery, rectifier, and load all connected in parallel. The battery charger supplies the normal dc load plus any battery self-discharge current or recharge current require

28、d after a discharge. 3.7 flooded lead-acid cell: A lead-acid cell in which the products of electrolysis and evaporation are allowed to escape freely to the atmosphere. This cell is also referred to as a “vented“ cell. 3.8 gel cell battery: A battery where the electrolyte has been immobilized by the

29、addition of a gelling agent. 3.9 immobilized electrolyte: The retention of sulfuric acid electrolyte in the components of a lead-acid cell. This is normally accomplished by either gelled electrolyte or absorbed glass mat technology. 3.10 module: An enclosed unit comprising multiple cells connected i

30、n series, parallel or series-parallel. 3.11 monobloc: An alternative name for module. 3.12 oxygen recombination: The process by which oxygen generated at the positive plates migrates to the negative plates where it is recombined and reduced back to water. 3.13 oxygen recombination efficiency (ORE):

31、The percentage of oxygen ultimately reduced to water at the negative plates, divided by the total amount of oxygen produced at the positive plates is: OREO converted in to waterTotal O produced=221003.14 recharge efficiency: The coulombic efficiency of the active components in the cell (or module) a

32、s it is recharged from full discharge. REAh removedAh returned=100ATIS-0600330.2013 4 3.15 tafel relationship: The empirical relationship between the logarithm of current (or current density) and the voltage of an electrochemical cell. Also see Annex A. 3.16 telecommunications load equipment: Equipm

33、ent powered from a primary or secondary distribution of a centralized dc power system owned or operated by exchange and interexchange carriers (see ATIS-0600311). 3.17 thermal runaway: A self-propagating escalation of cell temperature and float current.83.18 valve-regulated lead-acid cell (VRLA): An

34、 oxygen-recombinant lead-acid cell with immobilized electrolyte that is equipped with a valve to release excessive internally produced pressure. 4 Electrical Performance Requirements This clause contains the electrical requirements for VRLA cells (or modules). Test requirements suitable for verifyin

35、g compliance with these requirements are given in clause 9. 4.1 Rated Capacity For the purposes of this standard, the rated capacity of a VRLA cell (or module) is the quantity of electricity, in ampere-hours (Ah), that a fully charged battery can deliver under the following standard discharge condit

36、ions: Constant-current discharge at the 8-hour rate. End voltage of 1.75 V/cell. Ambient temperature of 25C. This capacity is usually designated as C8. Other capacities often used are C5and C3. Unless otherwise specified, these use an end voltage of 1.75 V/cell and an ambient temperature of 25C. Any

37、 new VRLA cell (or module) received by the user shall be capable of delivering at least 100% of its rated capacity when discharged after floating for one week. 4.2 Charging The cell (or module) shall be charged at the float voltage recommended by the manufacturer, and the current should be limited t

38、o C8/5 unless otherwise specified by the supplier. _8If allowed to continue, it may lead to venting of potentially explosive hydrogen gas and the possible venting of toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. (See Annex E.) ATIS-0600330.2013 5 4.3 Float Operation The float voltage of the battery shall be adjusted

39、to the manufacturers recommended cell float voltage multiplied by the number of series connected cells in the string. The range of battery float voltage shall be within the minimum and maximum cell float voltage values specified by the manufacturer times the number of series connected cells in the s

40、tring. Three months after battery installation and acceptance, the float voltage of any cell (or module) in the string shall not deviate by more than 2.5% from the average cell (or module) voltage. NOTE Temperature compensation of float voltage may be required in all VRLA applications. See 4.12 and

41、4.14. 4.4 Cycle Performance The cell (or module) shall withstand at least three cycles to 80% depth of discharge at the five-hour rate, to a cell (or module) average voltage of 1.75 volts per cell, for each year of the specified service life. In addition, the cell (or module) shall withstand at leas

42、t 20 cycles to 5% depth of discharge at the five-hour rate for each year of the specified service life. 4.5 Series Connection of Cells (or Modules) The cells (or modules) connected in series to make up a battery string for telecommunication load equipment shall be of the same make, type, and rated c

43、apacity. 4.6 Parallel Connection of Strings When strings are connected in parallel, the float voltage applied to each string shall be within the range specified by the manufacturer. 4.7 Recharge Efficiency Qualification for the intended application; Product acceptance; and In-service testing. Testin

44、g is the responsibility of both the manufacturer and the user. The results of the tests described in this standard should enable the interested parties to determine if a cell (or module) can be used for the intended application. Where applicable, the test data should include the mean value and the d

45、istribution (variance) about the mean. Having the distribution information for a particular parameter can be helpful in applications where it is important to know when the first cell in a string is expected to fail. Cell (or module) life, ideally, should be determined under conditions that reflect a

46、ctual usage. All apparatus shall be calibrated annually or more frequently if readings are suspect: Voltmeter - A digital display meter with a minimum 10 M input impedance, 0.05% accuracy and 1 mV resolution. Current measurements shall be made with an accuracy of at least 0.5%. Thermometer - Range i

47、s dependent on environment but should be graduated in 0.3C increments. Time measurement shall be made with an accuracy of 0.2%. CAUTION A cell (or module) with an internal short shall not be placed on charge. 9.1 Electrical Tests 9.1.1 Capacity Capacity values measured by discharges at temperatures

48、other than 25C need to be corrected. Table 7 provides the correction factors to be applied to the measured values unless other information is available from the manufacturer. Table 7 - Correction factors above 25C 0.6%/C below 25C + 0.6%/C When possible, the new cell (or module) capacity shall be de

49、termined at the plant load rate of discharge. The five-hour discharge rate can be employed if plant load discharges cannot be performed or will change with future plant growth. For baseline data, the manufacturers discharge data for new cells (or modules) can be used as an alternate to a plant discharge. Subsequent test discharges should be performed at the rate established during installation. ATIS-0600330.2013 18 9.1.2 Charging After the cell (or module) has been discharged at the eight-hour rate to an end voltage of