1、 AWWA Standard SM Liquid Oxygen for Ozone Generation for Water, Wastewater, and Reclaimed Water Systems Effective date: Nov. 1, 2013. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 12, 2005. This edition approved June 9, 2013. Approved by American National Standards Institute Aug. 28, 2013.
2、ANSI/AWWA B304-13 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B304-08) Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain al
3、l of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA pub- licati
4、on of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law, regulation, or codes of any
5、governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice s
6、ection of Journal - American Water Works Association. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal - American Water Works Association publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those
7、 substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has ap - proved the
8、standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an Ame
9、rican National Standard are encour - aged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution n oti Ce : The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) appr
10、oval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date
11、 of ANSI approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, or emailing infoansi.org. ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-
12、975-1 eISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-252-0 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quota
13、tions for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2013 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. iii The AWWA Standards Committee on Oxygen for Ozone Generation, which reviewed and appr
14、oved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Ronald D. Joost, Chair D.W. Wilkes,* Standards Council Liaison, Jacobs Engineering, Norcross, Ga. (AWWA) R.J. Cronin, Greeley cooling the air with a refrigeration unit; and remov- ing residual water, carbon dioxide, and hydroca
15、rbons with a molecular sieve adsorption unit. The clean, cold air is then liquefied and separated into its components, mainly oxygen and nitrogen, by distillation. Final oxygen purity can be controlled by further separating and removing trace components such as argon and krypton. Ozone can be produc
16、ed from oxygen in the air or from high-purity gaseous oxy- gen. This can be achieved by several methods, although the silent electrical discharge process is the most common method. Ozone is produced when a dry oxygen or air gas stream is subjected to a high-voltage/high-density electrical current, w
17、hich provides the energy to drive the reaction. The oxygen-to-ozone reaction takes place between two electrodes separated by a dielectric, forming a gap across which the energy discharge occurs. Oxygen-fed ozone generators will produce more ozone for a given power input and produce higher ozone conc
18、entrations in the product gas, compared with operating on air. * American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. viii I.B. History. The first edition of ANSI/AWWA B304 was approved June 1
19、2, 2005. The second edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on June 8, 2008. This edition was approved on June 9, 2013. I.C. Purpose of Standard. Because of the varied nature of oxygen production and feed equipment in use in the water supply industry today, it was the consensus of the AW
20、WA Standards Committee on Oxygen that this standard should address only the recommendations for procurement of commercial LOX to be used for ozone generation, and not for other potential uses. This does not preclude any user of oxygen who produces it on-site for use in ozone production from using th
21、e analytical techniques described in this standard to determine the purity of the product produced. It was not the intention of the committee to recommend any particular means of oxygen generation or use, or to recommend an approach to design of facilities, but merely to provide a standard for the p
22、urchaser of commercially produced oxygen on the industrial market. One of the purposes of this oxygen standard is to describe the level of quality for the oxygen source used in ozone generation systems. As such, in the event that the level of quality is outside the recommended quality standards of t
23、his document, the purchaser may advise the supplier of the ozone generation equipment of the potential nonconformance. I.D. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop volunta
24、ry third-party consensus standards and a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AwwaRF, now Water Research Foundation) and the Conference of State Health and E
25、nvironmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later. In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may
26、choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the * Persons outside the United Sta
27、tes should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. ix direction of NSF, NSF*/ANSI 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects. Various certif
28、ication organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor- dance with NSF/ANSI 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certi- fication organizations may vary from jurisdiction to
29、jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to NSF/ANSI 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are ba
30、sed on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. ANSI/AWWA B304 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from c
31、hemicals to processed water or to residual solids is becoming a problem of greater concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.5 is a recommenda- tion only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with NSF/ANSI 60, Dr
32、inking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1. Determine additives requirements, inclu
33、ding applicable standards. 2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water. 3. Determine current information on product certification. II. Special Issues. II.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. The storage and handl
34、ing of LOX is widespread in many industries besides the water industry. Because of this, there are many codes and design standards associated with the storage and handling of LOX. Some of these codes and standards include the following: 1. International Fire Code, latest edition, International Code
35、Council. The 2000 edition of this code included requirements applicable to LOX in chapter 27, Hazardous MaterialsGeneral Provisions; chapter 30, Compressed Gases; * NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. International Code Council, 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washingt
36、on, DC 20001. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. x chapter 32, Cryogenic Fluids; chapter 40, Oxidizers; and appendix G, Cryogenic FluidsWeight and Volume Equivalents. 2. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)* 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code. 3.
37、 OSHA General Industry Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR 1910.104Oxygen. 4. Design standards published by the Compressed Gas Association Inc. (CGA). a. AV-1, Safe Handling and Storage of Compressed Gases b. AV-8, Characteristics and Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen
38、 c. G-4, Oxygen d. G-4.1, Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen Service e. P-1, Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers f. P-2, Characteristics and Safe Handling of Medical Gases g. P-12, Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquids h. P-39, Oxygen-Rich Atmospheres i. V-1, Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Inlet
39、and Outlet Connections j. V-7.1, Standard Method of Determining Cylinder Valve Outlet Connections for Medical Gases k. Handbook of Compressed Gases, Fourth Edition These codes include requirements pertaining to the use of noncombustible mate- rials and to the separation between LOX facilities and ot
40、her facilities, such as public right-of-way. State and local agencies may have specific requirements with regard to oxygen systems also. These codes and standards emphasize the need to prevent combustible or flam - mable materials from coming in contact with LOX or air enriched with oxygen as the re
41、sult of a leak in the storage and conveyance facilities. There are many opportunities for ignition of mixtures of oxygen and combustible or flammable materials from per- sonnel or trucks unloading LOX into the bulk storage tanks. It is important, therefore, to isolate these materials from areas where excessive oxygen can be present because * National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. Occupational Safety http:/ Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
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