1、 ANSI / ISO 12100:2012 AMERICAN NATIONAL ADOPTION of an INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Safety of machinery General principles for design Risk assessment and risk reduction Adopted by the U.S. TAG to ISO/TC199 through the ANSI B11 Accredited Standards Committee Secretariat and Accredited Standards Developer:
2、 B11 Standards, Inc. POB 690905 Houston, TX 77269 Approved: 5 MARCH 2012 by The American National Standards Institute ANSI / ISO 12100:2010(E) ii ISO 2010 All rights reserved AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS By approving this American National Standard, the ANSI Board of Standards Review confirms that th
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23、s.org Web www.iso.org www.ansi.org Published in United States ANSI / ISO 12100:2010(E) iv ISO 2010 All rights reserved Contents Page Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction 5 5 Risk assessment 9 5.
24、1 General . 9 5.2 Information for risk assessment 9 5.3 Determination of limits of machinery 10 5.3.1 General . 10 5.3.2 Use limits 10 5.3.3 Space limits 11 5.3.4 Time limits 11 5.3.5 Other limits . 11 5.4 Hazard identification 11 5.5 Risk estimation. 13 5.5.1 General . 13 5.5.2 Elements of risk . 1
25、4 5.5.3 Aspects to be considered during risk estimation . 16 5.6 Risk evaluation . 18 5.6.1 General . 18 5.6.2 Adequate risk reduction 18 5.6.3 Comparison of risks . 18 6 Risk reduction 19 6.1 General . 19 6.2 Inherently safe design measures 20 6.2.1 General . 20 6.2.2 Consideration of geometrical f
26、actors and physical aspects 20 6.2.3 Taking into account general technical knowledge of machine design 21 6.2.4 Choice of appropriate technology . 22 6.2.5 Applying principle of positive mechanical action. 22 6.2.6 Provisions for stability . 22 6.2.7 Provisions for maintainability 23 6.2.8 Observing
27、 ergonomic principles . 23 6.2.9 Electrical hazards . 24 6.2.10 Pneumatic and hydraulic hazards . 24 6.2.11 Applying inherently safe design measures to control systems . 25 6.2.12 Minimizing probability of failure of safety functions 30 6.2.13 Limiting exposure to hazards through reliability of equi
28、pment . 30 6.2.14 Limiting exposure to hazards through mechanization or automation of loading (feeding)/ unloading (removal) operations 31 6.2.15 Limiting exposure to hazards through location of setting and maintenance points outside danger zones 31 6.3 Safeguarding and complementary protective meas
29、ures 31 6.3.1 General . 31 6.3.2 Selection and implementation of guards and protective devices 32 6.3.3 Requirements for design of guards and protective devices 37 6.3.4 Safeguarding to reduce emissions . 40 ANSI / ISO 12100:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved v 6.3.5 Complementary protective measu
30、res . 41 6.4 Information for use . 43 6.4.1 General requirements. 43 6.4.2 Location and nature of information for use 43 6.4.3 Signals and warning devices . 43 6.4.4 Markings, signs (pictograms) and written warnings. 44 6.4.5 Accompanying documents (in particular instruction handbook) 45 7 Documenta
31、tion of risk assessment and risk reduction 48 Annex A (informative) Schematic representation of a machine 49 Annex B (informative) Examples of hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events 50 Annex C (informative) Trilingual lookup and index of specific terms and expressions used in ISO 12100 6
32、0 Bibliography 72 ANSI / ISO 12100:2010(E) vi ISO 2010 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO t
33、echnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates clos
34、ely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draf
35、t International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this docum
36、ent may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 12100 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery. This first edition of ISO 12100 cancels and replaces ISO 12100-1:2003, ISO 12100-2:2003 and ISO 141
37、21-1:2007, of which it constitutes a consolidation without technical change. It also incorporates the Amendments ISO 12100-1:2003/Amd.1:2009 and ISO 12100-2:2003/Amd.1:2009. Documentation (e.g., risk assessment, type-C standards) based on these replaced documents need not be updated or revised. Nati
38、onal adoption of this International Standard as an American National Standard ISO 12100 was published in 2010 as an editorial combination of three separate standards: ISO 12100-1:2003, 12100-2:2003 and ISO 14121-1:2007 plus related amendments. These three standards were very minimal revisions of EN
39、292:1991 / ISO/TR 12100:1992, and EN 1050 carried out by a special Working Group composed of experts from ISO, CEN, IEC and CENELEC. To complete this combination of the three separate standards into a single ISO standard, ISO/TC 199 agreed that only editorial changes would be permitted no technical
40、changes were considered. As a result, ISO 12100:2010 contains language largely unchanged from the original publication in the early 1990s. ANSI B11.GSR (2008) began by using the ISO 12100 and 14121 standards as a guide and then updating the 20 year span by incorporating current knowledge and informa
41、tion on machinery safety. The B11 GSR document was further revised, updated and published in December 2010 as ANSI B11.0-2010 Safety of Machinery General Requirements and Risk Assessment. Readers interested in the most recent and current information on the general topic of Safety of Machinery should
42、 use ANSI B11.0 2010: Safety of Machines; General Requirements and Risk Assessment. ANSI / ISO 12100:2010(E) ISO 2010 All rights reserved vii Introduction The primary purpose of this International Standard is to provide designers with an overall framework and guidance for decisions during the develo
43、pment of machinery to enable them to design machines that are safe for their intended use. It also provides a strategy for standards developers and will assist in the preparation of consistent and appropriate type-B and type-C standards. The concept of safety of machinery considers the ability of a
44、machine to perform its intended function(s) during its life cycle where risk has been adequately reduced. This International Standard is the basis for a set of standards which has the following structure: type-A standards (basic safety standards) giving basic concepts, principles for design and gene
45、ral aspects that can be applied to machinery; type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one safety aspect or one type of safeguard that can be used across a wide range of machinery: type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (for example, safety distances, surface temperature, noi
46、se); type-B2 standards on safeguards (for example, two-hand controls, interlocking devices, pressure-sensitive devices, guards); type-C standards (machine safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a particular machine or group of machines. This International Standard is a type-
47、A standard. When a type-C standard deviates from one or more technical provisions dealt with by this International Standard or by a type-B standard, the type-C standard takes precedence. It is desirable that this International Standard be referred to in training courses and manuals to convey basic t
48、erminology and general design methods to designers. ISO/IEC Guide 51 has been taken into account as far as practicable at the time of drafting of this International Standard. ANSI / ISO 12100:2012 ISO 2010 All rights reserved 1 Safety of machinery General principles for design Risk assessment and ri
49、sk reduction 1 Scope This International Standard specifies basic terminology, principles and a methodology for achieving safety in the design of machinery. It specifies principles of risk assessment and risk reduction to help designers in achieving this objective. These principles are based on knowledge and experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents and risks associated with machinery. Procedures are described for identifying hazards and estimating and evaluating risks
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