ANSI EP411.5-2012 Guidelines for Measuring and Reporting Environmental Parameters for Plant Experiments in Growth Chambers.pdf

1、 ANSI/ASAE EP411.5 DEC2012 (R2016) Guidelines for Measuring and Reporting Environmental Parameters for Plant Experiments in Growth Chambers American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advance

2、ment of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field e

3、quipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are i

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6、n approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verificatio

7、n by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial

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9、, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqas

10、abe.org ANSI/ASAE EP411.5 DEC2012 (R2016) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE EP411.5 DEC2012 (R2016) Revision approved December 2012 as an American National Standard. Guidelines for Measuring and Reporting Environmental Parameters for Plant Experiments in

11、 Growth Chambers Developed by the ASAE Environment of Plant Structures Committee (SE-303); approved by the ASAE Structures and Environment Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE March 1982; revised March 1986; reconfirmed December 1989; revised February 1992; approved as an American National

12、Standard February 1993; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1996; revised June 1997; revision approved by ANSI November 1997; revised March 2002; revision approved by ANSI November 2002; revised editorially April 2005; reaffirmed by ASABE January 2007; reaffirmed by ANSI January 2007; revised December 2012;

13、 revision approved by ANSI December 2012; reaffirmed by ASABE and ANSI December 2016. Keywords: Definitions, Environment, Experiments, Growth, Plant 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The purpose of this Engineering Practice is to set forth guidelines for the measurement of environmental parameters that charac

14、terize the aerial and root environment in a plant growth chamber. 1.2 This Engineering Practice establishes criteria that will promote a common basis for environmental measurements for the research community and the commercial plant producer. 1.3 This Engineering Practice promotes uniformity and acc

15、uracy in reporting data and results in the course of conducting plant experiments. 2 Introduction 2.1 The aerial environment is characterized by the following parameters: air temperature, atmospheric composition including moisture and carbon dioxide concentration, air velocity, radiation, and the ed

16、ge effects of wall/floor on these parameters. 2.2 The root environment is characterized by the following parameters: medium composition and quantity, nutrient concentrations, water content, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and oxygen concentration. 2.3 Measuring and reporting these various

17、parameters will be covered in the sections that follow. The definitions of the parameters indicate the symbol and units in the format, (symbol, units). Measurements should be made which accurately represent the mean and range of the environmental parameters to which the plants are exposed during the

18、 experimental period, to indicate the temporal variations, both cyclic and transient, and the spatial variations over the separate plants in the chamber. 2.4 The definitions, measurement techniques, and reporting procedures provide criteria and promote uniformity in measuring and reporting environme

19、ntal parameters, but these guidelines should not be used to select the environmental parameters applicable to a particular experiment. Other parameters may be applicable to a particular experiment or special environments such as elemental concentration in hydroponic solutions, pollutant concentratio

20、n in air quality research, and spectral quality ratios in photobiology. 2.5 When measurements are made, the chamber should be operating with containers and plants located in the chamber. Provision should be made to take all measurements with minimum disturbance to the operating environment. ANSI/ASA

21、E EP411.5 DEC2012 (R2016) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 3 Definitions 3.1 radiation: the emission and propagation of electromagnetic waves or particles through space or matter. 3.1.1 radiant energy, Qe, J: the transfer of energy by radiation. 3.1.2 energy flow

22、 rate, e, W: the rate of flow of energy, a fundamental radiometric unit; also called radiant power. 3.1.3 spectral distribution: a functional or graphic expression of the relation between the spectral energy flux, spectral photon flux, or fluence rate per unit wavelength, and wavelength. 3.1.4 spect

23、ral energy flow rate, e, Wnm1: the radiant energy flow rate per unit wavelength interval at wavelength . 3.1.5 energy flux, Ee, Wm2: the radiant energy flow rate per unit plane (flat) surface area; also called irradiance. 3.1.6 spectral energy flux, Ee, Wm2nm1: the radiant energy flow rate per unit

24、plane surface area per unit wavelength interval at wavelength . 3.1.7 energy fluence, Fe, Jm2: the radiant energy dose time integral per unit spherical area. 3.1.8 spectral energy fluence, Fe, Jm2nm1: the energy fluence per unit wavelength interval at wavelength . 3.1.9 energy fluence rate, Fe,t, Wm

25、2: the radiant energy fluence per unit time. The same as radiant energy flux (irradiance) for normal incident (perpendicular) radiation on a plane surface. 3.1.10 spectral energy fluence rate, Fe,t, Wm2nm1: the radiant energy fluence rate per unit wavelength interval at wavelength . 3.1.11 photon, q

26、 (i.e., one photon): a quantum (the smallest, discrete particle) of electromagnetic energy with an energy of hc/ (h = Plancks constant; c = speed of light; = wavelength). Its energy is expressed in joules, J. 3.1.12 photon flow rate, p, qs1or mols1: the rate of flow of photons. 3.1.13 photon flux, E

27、p, qm2s1or molm2s1: the photon flow rate per unit plane surface area; sometimes also called photon flux density to emphasize the unit area. 3.1.14 spectral photon flux, Ep, qm2s1nm1or molm2s1nm1: the photon flux per unit wavelength interval at wavelength . 3.1.15 photon fluence, Fp, qm2or molm2: the

28、 photon dose time integral per unit spherical area. 3.1.16 photon fluence rate (Fp,t, qm2s1or molm2s1): the photon fluence per unit time. The same as photon flux for normal incidence radiation, but requires a spherical sensor. 3.1.17 spectral photon fluence rate, Fp,t, qm2 s1nm1or molm2s1nm1: the ph

29、oton fluence rate per unit wavelength interval at wavelength . 3.1.18 light: visually evaluated radiant energy, with wavelengths approximately ranging between 380 and 780 nm, based on the sensitivity of the human eye. 3.1.19 illuminance, Ev, lx: the luminous flux (light incident per unit area). ANSI

30、/ASAE EP411.5 DEC2012 (R2016) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 NOTE: (a) Radiation instruments that measure illuminance are not recommended. They should only be used along with recommended radiation instruments for historical comparison. (b) Conversion factors fr

31、om illuminance to radiation are spectrally sensitive and thus unique for each specified radiation source. 3.1.20 photosynthetically active radiation, PAR, qm2s1, molm2s1, or Wm2: the radiation in the wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm. Measured as the photosynthetic photon flux, PPF, in quantam2s1or

32、mol of quantam2s1. 3.1.21 photomorphogenic radiation qs1m2, molm2s1, or Wm2: the radiation with wavelengths approximately ranging between 380 to 800 nm contributing to photomorphogenic responses (i.e., flowering, reproduction, elongation, dormancy) in relation to the relative quantum efficiency of t

33、he spectral quality of the radiation in several discrete spectral regions. Measured as the photon flux in average quantam2s1, or in energy flux in Wm2for the specified waveband 1 2. NOTE: The specific responses to photomorphogenic radiation must be biologically quantified and carefully measured for

34、each response spectrum (action spectrum). 3.2 temperature: the thermal state of matter with reference to its tendency to transfer heat. 3.2.1 temperature, dry bulb, T, C: the temperature of a gas or mixture of gases indicated by an accurate thermometer protected from or corrected for radiation effec

35、ts. 3.2.2 temperature, wet-bulb, Tw, C: wet-bulb temperature is the temperature to which air at a constant pressure cools through the evaporation of water (adiabatically) until saturation is reached. It is indicated by a wet-bulb sensor of a psychrometer constructed and used according to instruction

36、s. 3.2.3 temperature, dewpoint, Td, C: the temperature of an air mass at which the condensation of water vapor begins as the temperature of the air mass is reduced. Also, the temperature corresponding to saturation vapor pressure (100% relative humidity) for a given air mass at constant pressure. 3.

37、3 atmospheric moisture: the water vapor component of the mixture of gases of the atmosphere. 3.3.1 water vapor density, r, gm3or Pa: the ratio of the mass of water vapor to a given volume of air, also called absolute humidity. It may also be measured as partial pressure (water vapor pressure). 3.3.2

38、 relative humidity (RH), Hr, percent: the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor present in the air to the mole fraction of water vapor present in saturated air at the same temperature and barometric pressure. It approximates the ratio of the partial pressure or density of the water vapor in the

39、air to the saturation pressure or density, respectively, of water vapor at the same temperature. 3.3.3 water vapor pressure deficit, ed, Pa: the difference between saturation water vapor pressure at ambient temperature and actual vapor pressure at ambient temperature. Also called vapor saturation di

40、fference. 3.4 air velocity, V, ms1: the time rate of air motion along a directional vector. 3.5 carbon dioxide concentration (CO2), molmol1, molm3, or Pa: the carbon dioxide component of the mixture of gases of the atmosphere. Current expression of units of equivalent gas concentration are molmol1,

41、parts per million (ppm), or LL1, but they do not express standard temperature and pressure, STP, correction. Use of partial pressure, Pa, is preferred in nonstandard atmospheres. 3.6 watering, volume, L: the addition of water to the substrate specified as to the source, the times, the amount, and th

42、e distribution method. 3.7 substrate: the media comprising the root environment specified as to type, amendments and its dimensions (container size). Physical characteristics such as bulk density, particle size, porosity and water holding capacity are desirable. ANSI/ASAE EP411.5 DEC2012 (R2016) Cop

43、yright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 3.8 nutrition: the organic and inorganic nutrient salts necessary for plant growth and development. Formula and/or macro and micro nutrients are specified within the substrate as molm3or molkg1and within liquid solution as molL1. 3.9

44、 hydrogen ion concentration, pH units: the hydrogen ion concentration measured in the substrate or liquid media over a range of 0 to 14 pH units. 3.10 electrical conductivity, c, mSm1: the electrical conductivity within the solid or liquid media. 3.11 dissolved oxygen, DO, mgL1: the dissolved oxygen

45、 concentration within the liquid media. 3.12 accuracy: the extent to which the readings of a measurement approach the true values of a single measured quantity. 3.13 precision: the ability of the instrument to consistently reproduce a value of a measured quantity. 4 Instrumentation 4.1 Radiation. Se

46、nsors should be cosine corrected and constructed of material of known stability, known response curve, and low temperature sensitivity. Such relationships should be specified and available for each sensor. By definition fluence measurements can only be taken with spherical sensors and cannot be deri

47、ved from measurements taken with any plane surface sensors. The sensitivity and linearity over the spectral response and irradiance range should be specified by calibration or direct transfer from a calibrated instrument. Spectral measurements should be made with a bandwidth of 20 nm or less in the

48、300 to 800 nm waveband. 4.2 Temperature. Sensors should be shielded with reflective material and aspirated (3 ms1) for air measurements. Sensors should be moisture proofed for soil measurements. 4.3 Atmospheric moisture. Measurement should be made by infrared analyzer, dewpoint sensor, or psychromet

49、er (shielded and aspirated at 3 ms1). 4.4 Air velocity. Measurements should be made by thermal transfer (hot wire) or wave propagation (ultrasonic) sensors with a measurement range of 0.1 to 5.0 ms1. 4.5 Carbon dioxide. Measurement should be made by an infrared analyzer with a range of 0 to 1000 molmol1or greater. 4.6 Hydrogen ion concentration. Sensor should have a range of 3.0 to 10.0 pH un