ANSI HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations《计算机工作站的人因工程》.pdf

1、ANSI/HFES 100-2007Human Factors Engineering of ComputerWorkstationsPublished by the Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietyP.O. Box 1369Santa Monica, CA 90406-1369 USA310/394-1811, Fax 310/394-2410infohfes.org, http:/hfes.org 2007 by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved. Noport

2、ion of this document may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means withoutprior written permission of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Address ordersand permission requests to the Communications Department at the address above.ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Compute

3、r Workstations 2007iTable of ContentsFOREWORD11PURPOSE.32GENERAL SCOPE42.1Guiding Principles62.2Limitations 73CONFORMANCE POLICY83.1Conformance Exclusions4CITED STANDARDS.95INSTALLED SYSTEMS105.1Purpose and Scope115.2Design Specifications5.2.1General Specifications5.2.1.1User Postures125.2.1.2Adjust

4、ment Controls in the Workstation145.2.1.3Adjustable Surfaces.5.2.1.4Pinch Points 155.2.1.5Device Cabling.5.2.2Beneath the Work Surface5.2.2.1Leg and Foot Clearance 155.2.2.2Footrests 165.2.3In Front of the Work Surface5.2.3.1Chairs 5.2.3.2Chair Casters 165.2.3.3Chair Seat Pan and Backrest Adjustment

5、s175.2.3.3.1Armrests. 185.2.3.4Input Device Location5.2.3.5Arm and Wrist/Palm Supports 205.2.4On Top of the Work Surface .215.2.4.1Horizontal Work Envelope5.2.4.2Monitor Support Surface. .225.2.4.3Monitor Viewing Angle 235.2.4.4Document Holders .245.2.5Surrounding the Work Surface5.2.5.1Illuminance.

6、 5.2.5.2Luminance Balance 255.2.5.3Acoustical Noise. .5.2.5.4Mechanical Vibrations5.2.5.5Contact Surface Temperature.265.2.5.6Ambient Thermal Conditions5.2.5.7Product Emissions275.2.5.8Electromagnetic Compatibility5.2.5.9Static Electricityii ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer W

7、orkstations 20075.3Conformance.285.3.1User Postures5.3.2Control Clearance for Users Feet and Legs.295.3.3Pinch Points5.3.4Leg and Foot Clearance.5.3.5Footrests. 295.3.6Chairs.5.3.7Chair Seat Pan and Backrest Adjustments5.3.8Armrests305.3.9Input Device Location5.3.10Monitor Support Surface5.3.11Illum

8、inance. 315.4References 6INPUT DEVICES346.1Purpose and Scope6.2Design Specifications346.2.1General Specifications6.2.1.1Control Dynamics6.2.1.2Device Stability.356.2.1.3Intentional Movements6.2.1.4Grip Surface.6.2.1.5Handedness356.2.1.6Surface Reflectance.366.2.1.7Edges, Corners, and Surfaces6.2.1.8

9、Button Placement6.2.1.9Button Force and Displacement366.2.1.10Button Feedback376.2.1.11Button Lock.6.2.1.12Labels.6.2.2Keyboards. 376.2.2.1Keyboard Layout386.2.2.1.1Alphabetic Keys6.2.2.1.2Numeric Keypads6.2.2.2Cursor Control 396.2.2.3Keyboard Height, Slope, and Wrist/Palm Support406.2.2.4Profile. 4

10、26.2.2.5Dual-State Keys6.2.2.6Key Nomenclature.6.2.2.7Key Spacing. .436.2.2.8Key Size and Shape6.2.2.9Key Force .6.2.2.10Key Displacement 446.2.2.11Key Rollover/Simultaneous Key Depression.456.2.2.12Keying Feedback.6.2.2.13Key Repeat Rate.466.2.2.14Home Row Locator6.2.2.15Keyboard Wrist Rest6.2.3Mou

11、se Devices 466.2.3.1Shape and Size476.2.3.2Motion Sensor6.2.4Puck Devices .6.2.4.1Shape and Size. 48ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations 2007iii6.2.5Trackballs486.2.5.1Diameter6.2.5.2Resistance496.2.6Joysticks6.2.6.1Handle Size506.2.6.2Force.6.2.6.3Displacement.6.2.7

12、Styli and Light Pens506.2.7.1Surface.516.2.7.2Button Shape6.2.7.3Diameter6.2.7.4Length516.2.8Tablets and Overlays.6.2.8.1Surface.6.2.8.2Attachment and Detachment.526.2.9Touch-Sensitive Panels.6.2.9.1Minimum Touch Area.6.2.9.2Dead Space 526.2.9.3Target Tracking536.3Metrics6.3.1Device Stability6.3.2Nu

13、meric Keypad Layout. 536.3.3Cursor Control.6.3.4Keyboard Height and Slope6.3.5Key Spacing.536.3.6Key Force546.3.7Key Displacement6.3.8Keying Feedback6.3.9Shape and Size546.4References7VISUAL DISPLAYS.567.1Purpose and Scope7.2General Specifications567.2.1Default Configuration.7.2.2Viewing Characteris

14、tics577.2.2.1Design Viewing Distance7.2.2.2Gaze Angle. 587.2.2.3Design Angular Viewing Envelope.7.2.3Spatial Characteristics. 597.2.3.1Moir 7.2.3.2Pixel Grid Modulation, Fill Factor, and Pixel Pitch607.2.3.3Pixel and Subpixel Faults617.2.3.4Geometric Distortion.7.2.3.5Graphic Orthogonality Error.627

15、.2.4Temporal Quality7.2.4.1Response Time7.2.4.2Temporal Coding 627.2.4.3Flicker 7.2.4.4Jitter 637.2.5Luminance and Color Quality.647.2.5.1Luminance Range.7.2.5.2Luminance Nonuniformity7.2.5.3Luminance Contrast and Reflections64ivANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations 2

16、0077.2.5.4Luminance Coding657.2.5.5Image Polarity.7.2.5.6Default Color Set667.2.5.7Color Differences7.2.5.8Color Uniformity7.2.5.9Number of Colors667.2.5.10Background/Foreground Interactions.677.2.6Information Format7.2.6.1Character Height.7.2.6.2Sizes of Colored Characters 687.2.6.3Character Width-

17、to-Height Ratio.7.2.6.4Stroke Width.7.2.6.5Character Format687.2.6.6Spacing Between Characters. 697.2.6.7Spacing Between Lines.7.2.6.8Spacing Between Words.7.3References708FURNITURE738.1Purpose and Scope8.2General Specifications738.2.1User Postures.748.3Design Specifications758.3.1General Specificat

18、ions8.3.1.1Stability8.3.1.2Pinch Points.768.3.1.3Workstation Adjustments8.3.1.4Finish of Furniture and Accessories.8.3.1.5Surface Gloss. 768.3.2Surfaces 778.3.2.1Operator Clearances.8.3.2.1.1Method 1Reclined Seated and Upright Seated Postures8.3.2.1.2Method 2Upright, Reclined, and Declined Seated Po

19、stures778.3.2.2Work Surfaces.808.3.2.3Monitor Support Surface/Device818.3.2.4Input-Device Support Surface.8.3.2.4.1Sit-Only Working Postures828.3.2.4.2Stand-Only Working Postures8.3.2.4.3Sit/Stand Working Postures838.3.2.5Standing Operator Foot Clearances.848.3.3Seating 858.3.3.1Height8.3.3.2Depth a

20、nd Front Edge of the Seat Pan8.3.3.3Seat Pan Width.858.3.3.4Seat Pan Angle8.3.3.5Seat PanBackrest Angle868.3.3.6Backrest Height and Width8.3.4User Supports.878.3.4.1Armrests8.3.4.2Wrist/Palm, Forearm Supports.8.3.4.3Footrests. 888.4Conformance .8.4.1Supplier Conformance.8.4.1.1Surfaces .888.4.1.2Sea

21、ting. 89Appendix A .91ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations 2007vA.1Anthropometric Derivations91A.1.1Anthropometric DataA.1.2Univariate Data.A.1.3Adding Percentiles91A.1.4Unidimensional Data.A.1.5Multidimensional Data92A.1.6Iterative Solution to Clearance Space.A.2Cle

22、arance Under the Work Surface. 93A.2.1Deriving the Models. .A.2.1.1Minimum Width.A.2.1.2Minimum Knee Depth.93A.2.1.3Minimum Foot DepthA.2.1.4Maximum Thigh Height94A.2.1.5Maximum and Minimum Knee HeightA.2.1.6Upper LimitsA.2.1.6.1Method 1Upright and Reclined Seated Postures94A.2.1.6.2Method 2Upright

23、and Declined Seated Postures.95A.2.1.7Lower LimitA.3Seat Height A.3.1Deriving the Models. 95A.3.1.1Maximum Seat Height96A.3.1.2Minimum Seat Height.A.3.2Defining Accommodation Ranges.97A.4Standing and Sit-Stand Work Surfaces; Height and Angle AdjustmentsA.4.1Deriving the Models.A.4.1.1Standing Suppor

24、t Surface Height97A.4.2Defining Accommodation Ranges8.5References. 98LIST OF FIGURES5-1.Reference Postures for Computer Workstation Users115-2.Elbow Reference Postures 125-3.Shoulder Abduction Reference Postures.135-4.Shoulder Flexion Reference Postures.5-5.Wrist Flexion and Extension Reference Post

25、ures.5-6.Torso-to-Thigh Reference Postures. 135-7a.Side View of Recommended Space for Placement of Input Devices195-7b.Top View of Recommended Space for Placement of Input Devices205-8.Nomenclature for Wrist/Palm Support Dimensions215-9.Recommended Space for Input Devices and Primary, Secondary, and

26、 TertiaryHorizontal Work Zones.225-10.Diagram of Manual Goniometer286-1.Row References for Conventional Keyboards386-2.Numeric Keypad Layouts. 396-3.Cursor Key Layouts. 6-4.Illustration of Keyboard Slope. 406-5.Keyboard Height Measured from Table Surface to Middle of Home Rowof Keyboard.416-6.Keyboa

27、rd Slant and Tilt6-7.Illustration of Key Spacing.436-8.Example of Force Displacement Curves446-9.Illustration of a Mouse476-10.Illustration of a Puck486-11.Illustration of a Trackball.viANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations 20076-12.Exposed Surface and Diameter of Tra

28、ckball496-13.Finger-Operated and Hand-Operated Joysticks6-14.Illustrations of Light Pen and Stylus506-15.Touch Panel Dead Space 537-1.Design Angular Viewing Envelope597-2.Spatial Limits on the Display Surface Imposed by the Design AngularViewing Envelope at the Design Viewing Distance607-3.Maximum C

29、ontrast of Moir Patterns. 617-4.Height and Width of Characters. .677-5.Spacing Between Characters, Lines, and Words698-1.Reference Postures for Computer Workstation Users748-2.Placement of Clearance Space Boxes 788-3a.Clearance Spaces for Method 1. 798-3b.Clearance Spaces for Method 28-4.Method of C

30、ombining Height and Tilt for Input-Device Support Surfaces83A-1.Clearance Dimensions. 93A-2.Seat Height Dimensions.96LIST OF TABLES5-1.Surface Temperature and Contact Time.267-1.Default Display Configuration 578-1.Combinations of Height and Tilt Within the Acceptable Ranges for Standing Work838-2.As

31、sessment of Chair Conformance Using BIFMA Chair Measuring Device90A-1.Combinations of Elbow Angle and Surface Height 98ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations 20071FOREWORDThis standard contains hardware design specifications that are based on accepted human factorsengi

32、ering resarch nd exprienc for computer wokstaions, their asocited furnitre, and the ndus wokpl environment. Thstandr asdeveloped by the HumnFatos and ErgonomicsSociety (HFES), using the rules and procedures of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).This edition is the first revision of ANS

33、I/HFES100-1988, American National Standr fo HumanFactors Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Workstations. This edition of the standardincorpates veral xtensio based on technology advnts and icres human factorsknowledge to the technical areas discussed in ANSI/HFES100-1988.The members of the ANSI

34、/HFES 100 Committee who drafted this edition are listed below:Thomas J. AlbinChairAuburn EngineersMarvin Dainoff, Ph.D.Vice ChairMiami UniversitySumner AdamsKimball InternationalDennis AnkrumNova Office FurnitureRuthjean BanksCalifornia State CompensationInsurance FundDennis Bechis, Ph.D.National In

35、formation DisplayLaboratoryTeresa BellingerHaworthCarolyn BenselU.S. Army Research,Development and EngineeringCommandTed BraunLiberty Mutual InsuranceJim Briggs, Ph.D. (deceased)Boeing Commercial AirplaneDennis BurnsideUnited States Air ForceResearch LaboratoryDick CappelsApple Computer, Inc.David C

36、arsonXybixDavid CochranUniversity of Nebraska,LincolnH. Harvey CohenError Analysis, Inc.Ed ColemanLexmark InternationalJohn ConeIBMJack Dennerlein, Ph.D.Harvard UniversityDan Donohoo, Ph.D.BattelleBill DowellHerman MillerRichard DriscollBIFMAGeorge EnglishKeyTronicJames GernerGerner tha is,as number

37、s representing acceptable design limits. Such specifications are based on accepted empiricaldata and established human factors engineering principles and practices. Users of these specificationsshould follow acceptable factors engineering practice when tailoring the contained in this standard to par

38、ticular computer workstations and user populations.NOTE: Al normative dinsio inthis tandr ae givn iSI units (metr, kilogram, seconds).Dimesigiven in US cutmaryuuchsichs,pod, etc. are psntedfor virypurposes only and are non-normative.4 ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstat

39、ions 20072 GENERAL SCOPEThis tandr covers perato-machine itrface isu asociated with computer workstaions uedregularly in offices (i.e., intentionally built indoor office workplaces) for text-, data-, and simplegrpics-rsing tsk. This tdr plis tompter kstins a id rnge of sr; inenal the pycaldienoanfoc

40、e rquirensadegdtoacoatat lat90percent of the North American population.User Diversity1“In general, the design pecifations for the computer workstaion cmponets are intended to beequitable; that is, the design accommodates people with diverse abilities.”However, users may vary in their ability to perc

41、eive information that is statically presented ordynamically supplied by the computer workstation, in their ability to understand how to use theproduct, and in their ability to operate the product. Some users may need use assistive devices withtheir computer workstation components. For example, a use

42、r with tremor or limited eye-handcoordination might need a special keyboard with increased spacing between the keys.In some instances, the most practical or feasible means of achieving accommodation of diverse usersmay be through use of software intended to be used with the workstation component, su

43、ch asdevic drives, rather tan throug the pysical proetis of the dvice. For example, it ay bemorpractical to adjust key repeat rate via software controls than to build variable activation delays into akey switch circuit.Becaus of the vry nature of diversity, it is difcult and perhas evn cotradictory

44、tatempt tospifya unique stof dsigncriteria that wlaccommodate all ur.Fexample, a usr wihverylimited strngt may require that ks on an input device rsond lmst itnelto a lighttouch, yet a user with an intentional tremor may require that the keys respond only to a sustained highlevl of force. At presnt

45、he rsarch literatu does nt sufice tanswer ths acomdationquestions, at least at a level sufficient to allow specification.Similarly, the current state of knowledge does not allow us to determine if there is a single set ofdesign criteria that wil result in a computer workstaion component suitable for

46、 all posible usr.However, it is possible to provide designers with some general principles regarding features ofcomputer workstation components that will support accommodation.General GuidelinesPerceptionComputer workstation components, either separately or in combination with supporting software,sh

47、ould facilte divrse urs abilty operciv staicly dnamicly displayed informatin suchas Key labelsKey locations Feedback from operation of the deviceStatus of toggle keys, for example, number lock and capital lock1The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society wishes to acknowledge the kind permission of the

48、International StandardsOrganization to use this material related to user diversity.ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations 20075OperationComputer workstation components, either separately or in combination with supporting software,should facilitate diverse users ability

49、 to operate the device by Not limiting the ability to use alternate methods of carrying out the device functions, forexample, assistive technologies Minimizing the likelihood of accidental activationSupporting error recovery Support varying rates of user-provided input, for example, keying rateUnderstandingComputer workstation components, either separately or in combination with supporting software,should facilitate diverse users ability to“Apprehend the manner or method of using the device.”Finally, the United States Federal Government has established acc