1、IEEE Std 1110-2002(Revision ofIEEE Std 1110-1991)IEEE Standards1110TMIEEE Guide for Synchronous GeneratorModeling Practices and Applications inPower System Stability AnalysesPublished by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA11 November
2、 2003IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by theElectric Machinery CommitteeIEEE StandardsPrint: SH95058PDF: SS95058Recognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)IEEE Std 1110-2002(R2007)(Revision ofIEEE Std 1110-1991)IEEE Guide for Synchronous Generator Modeling Practices and Applications in
3、Power System Stability AnalysesSponsorElectric Machinery Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyReaffirmed 24 April 2008Approved 26 February 2002American National Standards InstituteReaffirmed 27 September 2007Approved 11 November 2002IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract: Categorizes three direct-a
4、xis and four quadrature-axis models, along with the basic transientreactance model. Discusses some of the assumptions made in using various models and presents thefundamental equations and concepts involved in generator/system interfacing. Covers, generally, the variousattributes of power system sta
5、bility, recognizing two basic approaches. The first is categorized under largedisturbance nonlinear analysis; the second approach considers small disturbances, where the correspondingdynamic equations are linearized. Applications of a range of generator models are discussed and treated. Themanner in
6、 which generator saturation is treated in stability studies, both in the initialization process as well asduring large or small disturbance stability analysis procedures is addressed. Saturation functions that arederived, whether from test data or by the methods, of finite elements are developed. Di
7、fferent saturationalgorithms for calculating values of excitation and internal power angle depending upon generator terminalconditions are compared. The question of parameter determination is covered. Two approaches in accountingfor generator field and excitation system base quantities are identifie
8、d. Conversion factors are given fortransferring field parameters from one base to another for correct generator/excitation system interfacemodeling, Suggestions for modeling of negative field currents and other field circuit discontinuities areincluded. Keywords: modeling practices, saturation pract
9、ices, stability data determination and application, synchronousgenerator stability models The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published
10、11 November 2003. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note: Attention is called
11、to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for iden
12、tifying patentsfor which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.iv Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.Introduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1110-2002, IEEE Gui
13、de for Synchronous Generator Modeling Practices andApplications in Power System Stability Analyses.)The Joint Working Group on Determination and Application of Synchronous Machine Models for StabilityStudies was formed in 1973. The scope of the Working Group was updated in 1986 and its purpose wasst
14、ated:“Define synchronous machine models, particularly for solid iron rotor machines, for use in stability studies,and recommend standard methods for determining the values of parameters for use in these models bycalculation and/or test. Assess the effect of magnetic saturation on these parameters. D
15、evise and recommendanalytical methods for incorporating such machine models, including representation of saturation, intostability programs.”The Joint Working Group was responsible for two particular IEEE Committee Reports on the subject ofmachine modeling. The first was published in PA the PES Outs
16、tanding Working Group Award for IEEE Std 115 in1996; and the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award in 1998. This standard is dedicated to his memory. The following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted forapproval, disapproval, or abstention. Haran Karmaker Sheppard S
17、alonAhmed El-SerafiManoj ShahPaul AndersonWilliam AndersonEdwin AverillS. CherukupalliGuru Dutt DhingraPaul L. DandenoRoger DaughertyJames EdmondsFranklin EmeryNirmal GhaiRandall GrovesAdrienne HendricksonGary HeustonInnocent KamwaHaran KarmakerPrabha S. KundurJesus MartinezJames MichalecGary Michel
18、Daleep MohlaLon W. MontgomeryKrste NajdenkoskiNils E. NilssonJames RuggieriMaurice SecrestAhmed El-SerafiGerald Vaughnvi Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 11 November 2002, it had the followingmembership:James T. Carlo, ChairJames H. Gur
19、ney, Vice ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeSatish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeCatherine Berger/Don MessinaIEEE Standards Project EditorsSid BennettH. Stephen BergerClyde R. Camp
20、Richard DeBlasioHarold E. EpsteinJulian Forster*Howard M. FrazierToshio FukudaArnold M. GreenspanRaymond HapemanDonald M. HeirmanRichard H. HulettLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepfinger*Peter H. LipsNader MehravariDaleep C. MohlaWilliam J. MoylanMalcolm V. ThadenGeoffrey O. ThompsonHoward L. WolfmanDo
21、n WrightCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiCONTENTS1. Overview and objectives 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Specialized problems in stability not discussed in this guide 21.3 Overview of the guide 22. References 23. Classification of power system stability and synchronous machine modeling require
22、ments 33.1 General background . 33.2 Rotor-angle stability 33.3 Voltage stability. 43.4 Frequency stability. 43.5 Modeling requirements for synchronous machines . 54. Types of models available . 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Terminology. 94.3 Direct-axis model structures 104.4 Quadrature-axis model structu
23、res 144.5 Constant-voltage-behind-reactance model 164.6 Field-winding per-unit systems . 164.7 Generator to power system interfacing 175. Application of generator models in stability studies . 175.1 General. 175.2 Modeling considerations based on categories of stability . 185.3 Modeling consideratio
24、ns based on rotor structure. 205.4 Use of simplified models . 216. Representation of saturation and its effect on synchronous generator performance . 226.1 General. 226.2 Representation of synchronous generator saturation in the steady state . 226.3 Representation of saturation effect during large d
25、isturbances. 266.4 Generator saturation in small-disturbance modeling . 287. Determination of generator stability parameters .307.1 Introduction 307.2 Parameter determination by tests . 327.3 Parameters derived by manufacturers 467.4 Data translation 47viii Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.A
26、nnex A (informative) Bibliography 56Annes B (normative) List of main symbols. 62Annex C (informative) Calculation of generator electrical torque or power 65Annex D (informative) Procedures in a widely used stability program to account for saturation whenadjusting mutual reactances . 67Annex E (infor
27、mative) Sample matlab listing . 71Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1IEEE Guide for Synchronous Generator Modeling Practices and Applications in Power System Stability Analyses1. Overview and objectives1.1 IntroductionThe basic techniques for studying the stability of interconnections of syn
28、chronous generators stem from thelate nineteenth century and the early years of last century. The key concept of transforming stator variablesinto quantities rotating in synchronism with the rotor was developed by Blondel B1,1Park (B62, B63),and others and remains the basis for synchronous machine a
29、nalysis to this day.To some extent, the techniques developed in those early years remained relatively untouched until the lastthree or four decades of the twentieth century. Although it was in theory possible to develop relativelycomplex generator models prior to this time, limited computational cap
30、ability meant that such models wereimpractical for use in large-scale stability studies. However, with the advent of the digital computer, thepicture changed significantly and computational capability continues to grow at a rapid rate. In addition, thegrowing complexity of electric power systems com
31、bined with the advent of more sophisticated generatorand system controls, such as high-speed, solid-state excitation systems, greatly increased the demands onstability programs. In response, the latter part of the twentieth century saw an increased interest in synchronous generatormodeling. This int
32、erest took many forms. For example, initial investigations attempted to correlate theperformance of synchronous machine models with the measured performance of specific machinesfollowing transient disturbances on a power system (Chorlton and Shackshaft B6, Dandeno et al. B12).Other investigators dev
33、eloped alternate techniques for determining machine parameters (Manchur et al.B57). The objective of this and related work, which continues to this day, is to improve the existingcapability to analyze and predict the dynamic behavior of electric power systems. This work becomesincreasingly important
34、 with the ever-increasing demands being placed on power systems as they continue togrow in size and complexity and as deregulation significantly modifies the way these systems are operatedand controlled. The objective of this guide is to summarize available practices in synchronous machine models us
35、ed inpower system stability studies. As will be discussed, computational capability has increased to the point that1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.IEEEStd 1110-2002 IEEE GUIDE FOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODELING PRACTICES2 Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights re
36、served.it is possible to model generators (along with their excitation systems and other controls) with a significantlevel of detail, subject to the availability of the appropriate data from which to form the model. 1.2 Specialized problems in stability not discussed in this guideThis guide does not
37、 attempt to recommend specific procedures for machine representation in non-standardor atypical cases such as generator tripping and overspeed operation or models for harmonics or unbalancedoperation. Similarly, modeling suggestions for subsynchronous resonance (SSR) studies are documented inDandeno
38、 and Iravani B9 and IEEE B35. Recent investigations have shown that models developed fromsmall-signal analyses, based on standstill-frequency-response data, are also adequate for SSR investigations.This applies to situations where third-order models have been found to be necessary to cover the frequ
39、encyspectrum from 15 Hz to 50 Hz (IEEE B35).1.3 Overview of the guideClause 3 discusses the various categories of stability studies which are commonly performed during powersystem studies and the corresponding synchronous generator modeling requirements. Clause 4 thenreviews some of the basic princi
40、ples of synchronous generator modeling and discusses the range of modelswhich can be used in the study of synchronous generator dynamic behavior as is summarized in Table 1 ofClause 4. This clause emphasizes the point that a model is uniquely determined only when both itsstructure (e.g., the number
41、of assumed conducting paths in the rotor) and its parameters (as obtained fromtest data or analytical techniques) are specified. Clause 5 next presents guidelines as to how the variousmodels discussed in Clause 4 can be applied to the various types of stability studies which are discussed inClause 3
42、.Clause 6 then discusses the effects of saturation on the performance of synchronous machines and varioustechniques which have been developed for incorporating these effects in synchronous generator models.Included in Annex D is the development of direct- and quadrature-axis saturation functions. Be
43、causesaturation is an inherently nonlinear phenomenon while the commonly-used generator models are linear, thetechniques used for incorporating saturation effects into generator models are somewhat ad hoc. This is anarea in which further investigation is clearly required. Finally, Clause 7 discusses
44、 the techniques which have been developed for obtaining parameters for synchro-nous generator models. Such parameters are found either by test, as described in IEEE Std 115-1995, orfrom calculations by manufacturers.2The issue of the translation of parameters from the inductances andresistances of d
45、- and q-axis models to transient and estrangement reactances and time constants or to transferfunctions form is also discussed. 2. ReferencesThis guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publication. If the following publication issuperseded by an approved revision, the revision shall a
46、pply.IEEE Std 115-1995, IEEE Guide: Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines, Part IAcceptance andPerformance Testing, and Part IITest Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis.3, 42Information on references can be found in Clause 2.3The IEEE standards or products referred to in Cl
47、ause 2 are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated.4IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/).IEEEAND APPLICATION
48、S IN POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSES Std 1110-2002Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved. 33. Classification of power system stability and synchronous machine modeling requirements3.1 General backgroundTraditionally, power system stability studies focused on the systems ability to maintain synchro
49、nousoperation following a severe disturbance. However, with continuing growth in interconnections, more use ofnew technologies, and the increased need to operate power systems in highly stressed conditions, otherforms of stability have emerged as greater sources of concern than in the past.Clearly, instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the systemconfiguration, operating mode, and form of disturbance. Analysis of stability problems, including identify
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