1、IEEE Std 1120-2004IEEE Standards1120TMIEEE Guide for the Planning, Design,Installation, and Repair of SubmarinePower Cable Systems3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USAIEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by theInsulated Conductors CommitteeIEEE Standards31 March 2005Print: SH95271PDF: SS952
2、71Recognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2005 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 31 March 2005. Printed in the United St
3、ates of America.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent (978) 750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of t
4、his standard may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patentsfor which a license may be r
5、equired by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.iiiCopyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved.IntroductionThis guide has been prepared in the form of a list with brief explanations after each item. This list rep
6、resentsthe more important aspects to consider when working on a submarine cable project. As such, this guideshould be particularly helpful to the engineer who is occasionally presented with the challenge of workingon a submarine cable project.This approach is used because a comprehensive coverage of
7、 the wide variety of subjects involved in asubmarine cable project would fill many volumes. Once this list has been used to evaluate a particularproject, detailed information can be obtained by searching technical literature and by interviewing experts inthe field. This version of this guide address
8、es many more topics than the previous version. It also provides briefexplanations of these topics to illustrate their relevance.Notice to usersErrataErrata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html.
9、 Users are encouraged to check this URL forerrata periodically.InterpretationsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html.PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of su
10、bject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required to im
11、plement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.This introduction is not part of IEEE P1120-2004, IEEE Guide for the Planning, Design, Installation, and Repairof Submarine Power Cable Systems.ivCopyright 2005 IEE
12、E. All rights reserved.ParticipantsAt the time this guide was completed, C11 Submarine Cables Working Group within the Insulated Conduc-tors Committee of IEEE had the following membership: Neil K. Parker, ChairSteve Turner, Co-chairThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on
13、 this standard. Balloters may havevoted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 23 September 2004, it had the followingmembership:Don Wright, ChairSteve M. Mills, Vice ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the foll
14、owing nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeRichard DeBlasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeMichael D. FisherIEEE Standards Project EditorRusty BascomAlex CanaanJohn CooperSwapan DeyCam DowlatEd HahnJerry JohnsonInge KovacsAllen MacPhai
15、lJohn NierenbergHakon OstbyJim PachotDeepak ParmarDave PurnhagenJohn RectorEwell T RobesonNirmal SinghGino ValliRobert O. WilkinsonJack WilsonJoe ZimnochTorben AaboEarle Bascom, IIITommy CooperMatthew DavisDr. Guru dutt DhingraAmir El-SheikhGary EngmannClifford C. ErvenRobert GearRichie HarpLauri J.
16、 HiivalaEdward Horgan, Jr.David W. Jackson Robert KonnikGlenn LuzziJohn MerandoG. MichelThomas PekarekRalph Philbrook, IIIJames RuggieriHenry SoleskiStephen TurnerDaniel WardJames WilsonWolfgang B. HaverkampChuck AdamsH. Stephen BergerMark D. BowmanJoseph A. BruderBob DavisRoberto de Marca BoissonJu
17、lian Forster*Arnold M. GreenspanMark S. HalpinRaymond HapemanRichard J. HollemanRichard H. HulettLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepfinger*Hermann KochThomas J. McGeanDaleep C. MohlaPaul NikolichT. W. OlsenRonald C. PetersenGary S. RobinsonFrank StoneMalcolm V. ThadenDoug ToppingJoe D. WatsonCONTENTS 1.
18、 Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 Preface . 1 2. Route selection . 2 2.1 Natural marine conditions 2 2.2 Man-made obstacles 3 2.3 Hazardous human activities. 4 2.4 Marine access 4 2.5 Beach conditions 4 2.6 Termination sites . 5 2.7 Installation considerations . 5 2.8 System integration .
19、6 2.9 Length 6 2.10 Width . 6 2.11 Operating rights and permitting. 6 2.12 Monitoring and environmental mitigation. 6 3. Permitting and environmental impacts . 6 3.1 Marine vegetation 7 3.2 Marine animal life . 7 3.3 Silt and turbidity 7 3.4 Storage and disposal of excavated material . 7 3.5 Grain s
20、ize distribution . 7 3.6 Beach stability . 7 3.7 Topography 7 3.8 Upland plants and wetlands. 7 3.9 Oil, grease, and pH 8 3.10 Contamination . 8 3.11 Noise 8 4. Information gathering and surveying 8 4.1 Existing maps 8 4.2 Photography and video 8 4.3 Weather data 9 4.4 Marine Surveys 9 4.5 Land surv
21、eys 11 4.6 Survey control 11 4.7 Post-installation surveys 12 4.8 System studies . 12 5. Cable systems . 12 5.1 Reliability 12 5.2 Ampacity . 13 5.3 Hydraulic limitations . 14 Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. v5.4 Cable components 15 5.5 Cable weight 17 5.6 Sheath voltages and bonding . 17
22、5.7 DC systems 18 5.8 Joints 18 5.9 Armor anchors . 19 5.10 Optical fiber. 19 5.11 Reparability . 19 6. Termination stations . 19 6.1 Terminations 20 6.2 Station grounding 20 6.3 Slack cable. 20 6.4 Spare cable storage 20 6.5 Fluid handling 21 6.6 Spare fluid storage. 21 6.7 Fluid containment system
23、 21 6.8 Degasifier 21 6.9 Instrumentation and metering 21 6.10 System protection equipment 22 6.11 Communications 22 6.12 Backup generation and pressure pumps. 22 6.13 Laydown area 22 6.14 Future expansion 22 7. Installation techniques 22 7.1 Schedule and timing 23 7.2 Removal of obstacles. 24 7.3 T
24、ransportation 24 7.4 Reel handling. 25 7.5 Laying equipment 25 7.6 Cable protection. 26 7.7 Intertidal installation 28 7.8 Mid-channel crossing installation 29 7.9 Installing cable on land 30 7.10 Cable handling and storage 30 8. Quality assurance and testing . 30 8.1 Plant audit/vendor selection. 3
25、0 8.2 Qualification testing 30 8.3 Production testing 31 8.4 Pre-installation testing . 31 8.5 Witnessing . 31 8.6 Commissioning and maintenance tests 31 9. Spare material. 32 9.1 Spare cable. 32 9.2 Fluid. 32 9.3 Splices and terminations 33 9.4 Tools and equipment . 33 9.5 Degasifier 33 Copyright 2
26、005 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi10. Documentation and operation. 33 10.1 As-built documentation . 33 10.2 Operating manual 34 10.3 Description of system components 34 10.4 Operating limits . 34 10.5 Routine operating, inspection, and maintenance procedures. 35 10.6 Re-surveying 35 10.7 Repair strat
27、egy. 35 10.8 Emergency maintenance procedures . 35 10.9 Installation of replacement components 36 10.10 Safety and hazards . 36 10.11 Notification of authorities 36 11. Repair . 36 11.1 Locating faults . 36 11.2 Locating dielectric fluid leaks in SCFF cable 37 11.3 Evidence 37 11.4 Containing dielec
28、tric fluid from a cable 37 11.5 Retrieval 38 11.6 Cable repair splices 38 Annex A (informative) Additional information 39 A.1 Standards 39 A.2 Articles in periodicals . 39 A.3 Books 40 A.4 CIGRE Proceedings 40 A.5 IEEE Proceedings . 41 A.6 IEEE Papers 41 Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii
29、IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems IEEE Guide for the Planning, Design, Installation, and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide provides a list of factors to consider when planning, designing, permitting, i
30、nstalling, commissioning, and repairing submarine power cable systems. While many factors are common to both power and communication cables, this guide focuses on power cables that cross seas, lakes, and rivers. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to assist engineers in developing knowledge and
31、 to assure that important items are not overlooked when dealing with submarine cable systems. 1.3 Preface Submarine cables are installed in unique environments using specialized installation techniques. Some uncommon characteristics that may be encountered include: A variety of environmental conditi
32、ons, including the transitions between water and land Challenges in gathering geophysical information High installation and retrieval stresses on the cable A potentially hostile marine environment during construction and repair Human activities that do not normally threaten land cables Even with the
33、se constraints, submarine cables have successfully served the industry since the 1890s. They sometimes offer a means of delivering energy and communications in a direct route that may provide superior system benefits and higher reliability, and sometimes they cost less than other alternatives. Copyr
34、ight 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems This guide is broken into a number of clauses that roughly follow the milestones that a submarine cable project goes through. The milestones are commonly not sequential
35、; for example, information will have to be gathered so the route can be evaluated, but one must have chosen a prospective route before a survey can be done. 2. Route selection A number of factors must be considered when evaluating potential cable routes. Most of these factors influence the cost, con
36、structability, reliability, and reparability of the proposed cable system, and they should be weighed along with the electrical benefits to the power system. 2.1 Natural marine conditions Below is a list of naturally occurring marine conditions that may influence the evaluation of a prospective subm
37、arine cable route. Some of these conditions may vary considerably along the cable route, so an observation at one location may not represent the entire route. 2.1.1 Water depth As the depth increases, cable-laying tensions will increase, which may influence the design of the cable and the installati
38、on method. Route surveys may also be more difficult. 2.1.2 Rock and pinnacles Laying a cable over a sharp object may kink the cable. Where the cable is suspended between two points on the sea bottom, it may fatigue due to strumming (vortex-shedding vibration) induced by water currents. Where cable t
39、ouches down, it may abrade on the bottom, especially if the bottom is hard. 2.1.3 Tidal, current, or surf action Currents may carry silt or gravel that may abrade the cable. Strong tidal currents may wash the cable back and forth across the bottom, thus damaging it. 2.1.4 Shifting bottoms/scour The
40、soil under the cable may wash out, leaving the cable suspended and under high tension. Alternatively, the cable may become deeply buried (which will affect its ampacity and its ability to be retrieved). 2.1.5 Soil structural stability The soil composition and consistency affect the stability of the
41、walls of cable trenches. The presence of large boulders, rock outcroppings, and reefs can impede the trenching, plowing, and jetting operations. 2.1.6 Marine slope stability Underwater landslides can damage a cable system. 2.1.7 Icebergs and pack ice Icebergs being moved by the wind, river current,
42、or tidal current can scour away soil and damage cables. Icebergs moving ashore can pound on cables in the subtidal and tidal zone. Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. 2IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems 2.1.8 Soil thermal properties So
43、il thermal properties influence the cable design in terms of conductor size and operating temperature. Sediments with high amounts of organic material, oil contamination, or volcanic ash typically have high thermal resistivity. When cables are buried in soft mud by jetting, the sediment composition
44、and its thermal properties may be altered. 2.1.9 Chemical attack/corrosion Corrosive properties of some soils, or from gas emanation, may affect the cable design. 2.1.10 Sub-bottom material The material below the surface may be entirely different than the surface material. Rock outcrops may lie just
45、 below the surface. 2.1.11 Very soft soils If the bottom is very soft, the cables may continue to sink into the bottom after they are laid, causing them to be overstressed due to catenary tension. Excessive cable sinking also increases its external thermal resistance, and hence the operating conduct
46、or temperature. 2.1.12 Marine borers Some marine organisms may burrow into the cable. 2.1.13 Storm action Wave action from storms may result in beach erosion or filling. 2.2 Man-made obstacles It is common to encounter manmade obstacles in the proposed submarine cable corridor, which may include: Ot
47、her power, communication, submarine cables and petroleum pipelines. Joint installation projects, or integrating power and communications into the same cable, may reduce hazards. Pipelines, including sewer, water, and gas lines Effluent outfalls Sunken ships and debris, especially near docks and brid
48、ges Piers, docks, boat ramps, roadways, foundations, buildings, etc. These may be abandoned and not visible from the surface of the water. Disposal areas, either from dredging or dumping of refuse Restricted areas (for example, Naval training or testing areas) Future construction Copyright 2005 IEEE
49、. All rights reserved. 3IEEE Std 1120-2004 Planning, Design, Installation and Repair of Submarine Power Cable Systems 2.3 Hazardous human activities The most common cause of cable failure is mechanical damage by human activity. The damage may be caused by: Dragging anchors and tug boat lines Beached marine equipment Dock and bridge maintenance Dredging Dumped debris Fishing activity Shellfish harvesting Aquatic farming Pile driving Horizontal directional drilling Other cable or pipe laying operations Maintenance work on adj
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