1、g3g3g3IEEE Guide for Improving theLightning Performance of ElectricPower Overhead Distribution Lines g3Sponsored by theTransmission and Distribution Committee g3IEEE3 Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5997 USA28 January 2011 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual
2、standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1410-2010, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distributio
3、n Lines. Lightning is a major cause of faults on typical overhead distribution lines. These faults may cause momentary or permanent interruptions on distribution circuits. Power-quality concerns have created more interest in lightning, and improved lightning protection of overhead distribution lines
4、 against faults is being considered as a way of reducing the number of momentary interruptions and voltage sags. Lightning usually causes temporary faults on overhead distribution lines. If the fault is cleared by a breaker or a recloser, the circuit may be successfully reclosed. In the past, this w
5、as acceptablebut now with the proliferation of sensitive loads, momentary interruptions are a major concern. Lightning may also cause permanent faults. Five to ten percent of lightning-caused faults are thought to cause permanent damage to equipment. Temporary faults may also cause permanent interru
6、ptions if the fault is cleared by a one-shot protective device, such as a fuse. Estimates of the lightning performance of distribution lines contain many uncertainties. Some of the basics such as lightning intensity measured by ground flash density (GFD), or estimating the number of direct strokes t
7、o a distribution line may have significant errors. Often, rough estimates or generally accepted practices are just as effective as detailed calculations. This guide is intended to provide estimates of lightning-caused faults that are linked to physical variables such as the line height, the presence
8、 of parallel neutral or overhead groundwires (OHGW), the intervals between ground electrodes and/or surge protective devices, the proximity of the line to nearby objects and the characteristics of the soil. Another goal of this guide is to provide revised estimates of lightning-caused faults showing
9、 the effectiveness of various improvement options. Estimates using this guide may be used to compare improved lightning protection with other methods of improving system reliability and power quality such as tree trimming programs or improved protection schemes such as the use of additional recloser
10、s or sectionalizers. This guide should also be beneficial in evaluating design standards. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regu
11、latory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed a
12、s doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and
13、 methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. v Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these docume
14、nts may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or
15、 errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE a
16、t the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.
17、ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that
18、 implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for
19、 which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discrim
20、inatory. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights r
21、eserved. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Lightning Performance of Overhead Lines Working Group had the following membership: John McDaniel, Chair William A. Chisholm, Vice Chair Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir John Alba Monica Aguado Joh
22、n Ainscough Bart Angeli Gregory Ardrey John Banting Philip Barker Kurt Bell Alberto Borghetti James Bouford James Burke Heidi Caswell Greg Chapman William A. Chisholm Pritindra Chowdhuri Rob Christman Enrico Cinieri Jim Cole Maria Teresa Correia De Barros Anthony Chou Ken Cummins Mat Darveniza Franc
23、isco C. de la Rosa Chuck DeNardo Doug Dobson Frank Doherty Daniel Durbak Brian Flier John Frasher Keith Frost Dave Gilmer John Godfellow Manuel M. Gonzalez Tom Grisham Mike Grogan Stan Grzybowski Blas Hermoso Andrew Issacs Masaru Ishii Cindy Janke George G. Karaday Mort Khodaie Kyle King Frank Lambe
24、rt Giancarlo Leone Juan A. Martinez-Velasco Keene Matsuda Tom McDermott Kale Meade Robert E. Moore Abdul Mousa David Nichols Carlo Alberto Nucci Gregory Obenchain Mario Paolone John Peckingaugh Michael Pehosh Emanuel Petrache Carl Potvin Farhad Rachidi Vladimir A. Rakov Rodney Robinson Tom Rozek Rob
25、ert Saint Andy Schwalm David Schafer Tom A. Short Ken Shortt Jeffery Smith Rusty Soderberg Leroy S. Taylor Mark Thatcher Betty Tobin Horacio Torres Jack Varner Joe Viglietta Reigh A. Walling David Y. Wang Daniel J. Ward Cheryl A. Warren Lee Welch Val Werner Charles W. Williams John Williamson Jim Wi
26、lson Bob Wood Jon J. Woodworth Dan Yuen Wayne N. Zessin The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Thomas Barnes Bryan Beske Harvey Bowles Chris Brooks Michael Champagne Sures
27、h Channarasappa William Chisholm Keith Chow Robert Christman Michael Clodfelder Michael Comber Charles DeNardo Carlo Donati Gary Donner Randall Dotson Gary Engmann Clifford E. Erven Marcel Fortin Fredric Friend George Gela Waymon Goch Edwin Goodwin Thomas Grebe Randall Groves Ajit Gwal Jeffrey Harte
28、nberger Steven Hensley Lee Herron Gary Heuston Raymond Hill Werner Hoelzl Richard Keil Gael Kennedy Morteza Khodaie Chad Kiger James Kinney Joseph L. Koepfinger David Krause Jim Kulchisky Chung-Yiu Lam Giancarlo Leone Paul Lindemulder John McDaniel Abdul Mousa Michael S. Newman Joe Nims Gary Nissen
29、Carl Orde Donald Parker Bansi Patel David Peelo Percy Pool Douglas Proctor Keith Reese Robert Resuali Michael Roberts vii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Charles Rogers Thomas Rozek Bartien Sayogo Dennis Schlender Hamidreza Sharifnia Devki Sharma Gil Shultz Michael Smalley James Smith Jerr
30、y Smith Rusty Soderberg John Spare John Stein Gary Stoedter K. Stump James Tomaseski Joseph Tumidajski Eric Udren John Vergis Reigh Walling Lee Welch Kenneth White James Wilson Luis Zambrano When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 30 September 2010, it had the following membership: R
31、obert M. Grow, Chair Richard H. Hulett, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Karen Bartleson Victor Berman Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Andy Drozd Alexander Gelman Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Ronald C
32、. Petersen Thomas Prevost Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Mic
33、helle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development viii Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 2 4. Lightni
34、ng parameters 4 4.1 Lightning incidence . 4 4.2 Electrical characteristics of lightning 9 5. Lightning performance of overhead distribution lines 13 5.1 Overvoltages from direct lightning flashes to unprotected phase conductors 13 5.2 Overvoltages from lightning flashes to objects near the line. 17
35、5.3 Distribution line insulation level 20 5.4 CFO voltage of combined insulation . 21 5.5 Determining the CFO voltage of structures with series insulation 22 5.6 Practical considerations when increasing structure CFO. 24 5.7 Arc-quenching capability of wood 26 5.8 Wood damage caused by lightning 26
36、5.9 Limits to increased insulation strength for improved lightning performance 27 6. OHGW protection of distribution lines 27 6.1 Shielding angle 28 6.2 Insulation requirements . 29 6.3 Effect of grounding and insulation level 29 6.4 Distribution underbuild 30 6.5 Overhead groundwires and arresters
37、30 7. Arrester protection of distribution lines 31 7.1 Arrester lead length considerations 31 7.2 Flashovers from nearby strokes . 31 7.3 Flashovers from direct strokes. 32 8. Burial protection of distribution lines. 34 8.1 Direct stroke damage to buried cables. 34 8.2 Induced currents and voltages
38、in buried cables . 35 Annex A (informative) Examples of guide usage . 36 A.1 Example 115 kV wooden crossarm design. 36 A.2 Example 235 kV distribution line with an OHGW. 37 Annex B (informative) Technical modeling and assumptions. 40 B.1 Shielding . 40 B.2 Induced-voltage flashovers . 40 B.3 Shield-
39、wire modeling for direct lightning. 50 B.4 Arrester spacing 52 Annex C (informative) Bibliography 57 1 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure
40、safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal discla
41、imers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/di
42、sclaimers.html. 1. Overview This design guide contains information on methods to improve the lightning performance of overhead distribution lines, and is written for the distribution-line designer. This guide recognizes that a perfect line design does not exist, and that a series of compromises are
43、made in any distribution-line design. While some parameters such as voltage, routing, and capacity may be predetermined, other decisions are made at the discretion of the designer. The designer may exercise control over structure material and geometry, shielding (if any), amount of insulation, groun
44、ding, and placement of arresters. This guide will help the distribution-line designer optimize the line design in light of cost-benefit considerations. 1.1 Scope This guide will identify factors that contribute to lightning-caused faults on overhead distribution lines and suggest improvements to exi
45、sting and new constructions. This guide is limited to the protection of distribution-line insulation for system voltages 69 kV and below. Equipment protection considerations are covered in IEEE Std C62.22-2009.11Information on references can be found in Clause 2. IEEE Std 1410-2010 IEEE Guide for Im
46、proving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines 2 Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to present alternatives for reducing lightning-caused flashovers on overhead distribution lines. 2. Normative references The following
47、referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the lat
48、est edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std C62.22-2009, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating- Current Systems (ANSI). IEEE Std 1243-1997, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission
49、 Lines. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms conductivity of 10 mS/m is equivalent to resistivity of 100 m; 1 mS/m is equivalent to 1000 m. The Monte Carlo method used to obtain the results of Figure 5 is described in Appendix B. The parameter in Figure 5 shows three values of ground conductivity , namely infinite (ideal ground), 10 mS/m and 1 mS/m. When evaluating lightning induced voltages, see Rachidi et al. B91 and CIGR C4.401 B30 the finite value of
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