1、IEEE Std 1511-2004IEEE Standards1511TMIEEE Guide for Investigating andAnalyzing Power Cable, Joint, andTermination Failures on Systems Rated5 kV through 46 kV3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USAIEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by theInsulated Conductors CommitteeIEEE Standards25 Februa
2、ry 2005Print: SH95240PDF: SS95240Recognized as an IEEE Std 1511-2004(R2010)American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Power Cable, Joint, and Termination Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV through 46 kV Sponsor Insulated Conductors Committee of the IEEE Power Engineerin
3、g Society Approved 9 August 2004 Reaffirmed 25 July 2011 American National Standards Institute Approved 12 May 2004 Reaffirmed 8 December 2010 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This guide applies to the process of investigating, evaluating, and analyzing field failures.This guide covers the overall
4、format for failure analysis and subsequent guides will specifically address cables, joints, terminations and separable insulated connectors. Included is arecommended flow charting process that can be used to help guide an individual through the failureanalysis process. Keywords: documentation, exami
5、nation, failures. failure analysis, flow charts, flow charting The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2005 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 22 February 2005. Printe
6、d in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. iiiIn
7、troductionThe need for a guide to assist the electric utility industry in the analysis of failures related to systemcomponents has existed for many years. Extensive efforts have been made to develop such guides, but theseefforts have frequently stalled because of the complexities involved. Many of t
8、hese efforts have focused onthe development of a classification system intended to categorize failures for the purpose of statisticalanalysis and industry wide data reporting of failure rates. However, the real value of failure analysis is inimproving system performance, reliability, and increasing
9、personnel safety.This guide introduces a new approach that attempts to employ flow-charting techniques to lead aninvestigator through the steps necessary to identify the cause of a failure. However, the guide is not intendedto be either all-inclusive or to be a document that can take the novice inve
10、stigator through a failure analysisto the point of arriving at a reasonable conclusion regarding the exact cause of failure. Experience is ateacher that opens the mind to other possibilities beyond those that may seem obvious on the surface. Assuch, this guide is intended to provide documentation of
11、 failure mechanisms that have been identified inprior investigations and of the steps that may have led to the conclusions drawn. As investigators contributenew experiences and new instances of analysis, the guide will evolve to address new issues and theevolution of products developed to address th
12、e ever-changing needs of the electric utility industry. It willalso serve as historic documentation of past shortcomings in engineering, design, application, andmaintenance. In this way it is hoped the guide will contribute to continued product improvement and to theprevention of repeating the same
13、mistakes in future product designs and applications.This guide is the first of what is proposed to be a series of guides related to a common subject. The serieswill be designated by a common overall number with a point system of additional guides intended to addressspecific topics in failure analysi
14、s of the cable and accessories used on an underground electric utility system.Subsequent guides will specifically address cables, joints, terminations and separable insulated connectorsrespectively. The present guide attempts to establish a common format, methodology, and procedures forthe developme
15、nt of the subsequent guides. It is also intended to provide the background informationnecessary to introduce an individual to the concepts and principles of failure analysis.Much credit is to be extended to the Edison Electric Institute for its early efforts to develop a failure analysisguide for la
16、minated insulated power cables. That guide ultimately resulted in a cable system design that washighly reliable and had an enviable history of service. Hopefully, this series of guides will extend thatexperience into the realm of modern cable systems.Notice to usersErrataErrata, if any, for this and
17、 all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL forerrata periodically.InterpretationsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee
18、/interp/index.html.This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1511-2004, IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Power Cable,Joint, and Termination Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV through 46 kV.iv Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved.PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementa
19、tion of this standard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent application
20、s for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.ParticipantsAt the time this guide was completed, Working Group B12 of the Accessories Subcommittee within theInsulated C
21、onductors Committee of IEEE had the following membership: Roy E. Jazowski, ChairThomas C. Champion, Co-chairTorben AaboKraig BaderEarl C. BascomSankar P. BasuMichael G. BayerRick BensonSteven A. BoggsLarry G. BonnerJames BougieJohn T. CorbettDavid CrottyTodd CulpRuss C. DantzlerHelen DassonA. Berl D
22、avisArthur DavorenFrank DiguglielmoRobert E. FlemingChris L. FletcherDaniel FournierRobert B. GearWilliam E. HannaJohn M. HansEugene HibbardTrung HiuHoward L. KanourEd KasnyCarlos KatzJohn D. KellyLawrence J. KellyGael KennedyLyn KimseyArthur KroeseGlenn J. LuzziPatrick LyonsJohn M. MakalAndrew R. M
23、cCullochJim MedekDale MetzingerJames A. MoranRobert W. MunleyLuigi NapoliTed NishiokaJohn OwenKeith A. PettyDean E. PhilipsAlbert J. PhillipsEwell T. RobesonScott R. RogersJohn T. RyanBradley J. SchmidtG. Bruce ShattuckWayne StephensFrank M. StepniakLawrence TangWilliam A. ThueMark TodescoStephen E.
24、 TurnerRichard S. VencusFred H. Von HerrmannCarl J. WentzelCopyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. vThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may havevoted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this s
25、tandard on 12 May 2004, it had the followingmembership:Don Wright, ChairSteve M. Mills, Vice ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeRichard DeBlasio, DOE RepresentativeAlan Cookson,
26、 NIST RepresentativeMichael D. FisherIEEE Standards Project EditorTorben AaboR.W. AllenTheodore A. BalaskaEarle C. BascomMartin A. BaurMichael G. BayerM. Thomas BlackKenneth E. BowHarvey L. BowlesKent W. BrownPaul S. CardelloThomas C. ChampionJack E. CherryPaul L. CinquemaniJohn H. CooperJames M. Da
27、lyRuss C. DantzlerGuru Dutt DhingraDonald G. DunnJames FitzgeraldArthur R. FitzpatrickRobert B. GearHans R. GnerlichRichard L. HarpWolfgang B. HaverkampStanley V. HeyerLauri J. HiivalaStanley R. HowellRichard A. HuberEdward JankowichCarlos KatzLawrence J. KellyAlbert KongFrank L. KuchtaCarl Landinge
28、rGabor LudasiGregory LuriGlenn J. LuzziMatthew S. MashikianSpiro G. MastorasL. Bruce McClungJim MedekGary L. MichelShantanu NandiArthur V. Pack, Jr.Neal K. ParkerGary PolhillDennis C. PrattRadhakrishna V. RebbapragadaRobert A. ResualiLawrence SalbergGilbert L. SmithJoseph H. SnowNagu N. SrinivasFran
29、k M. StepniakJohn TanakaWilliam A. ThueDuc B. TrinhStephen E. TurnerGerald VaughnDonald A. VoltzEdward E. WalcottDaniel J. WardNick WareRoland H.W. WatkinsCarl J. WentzelWilliam D. WilkensJoseph T. ZimnochChuck AdamsH. Stephen BergerMark D. BowmanJoseph A. BruderBob DavisRoberto de Marca BoissonJuli
30、an Forster*Arnold M. GreenspanMark S. HalpinRaymond HapemanRichard J. HollemanRichard H. HulettLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepfinger*Hermann KochThomas J. McGeanDaleep C. MohlaPaul NikolichT. W. OlsenRonald C. PetersenGary S. RobinsonFrank StoneMalcolm V. ThadenDoug ToppingJoe D. WatsonContents 1. O
31、verview .1 1.1 Scope .1 1.2 Purpose1 2. References .2 3. Definitions.2 4. The information gathering process3 4.1 Determination of what failed.3 4.2 Documentation of the failure event .3 4.3 Transportation and packaging of the failed samples .6 5. The failure analysis process 6 5.1 Steps of the analy
32、sis process .6 5.2 Diagramming techniques.8 5.3 Identify effective solutions13 5.4 Corrective action .13 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 14 vi Copyright 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Power Cable, Joint, and Termination Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV th
33、rough 46 kV 1. Overview This guide serves as an “umbrella” document for a series of guides intended to cover specific methods of failure classification and analysis for cables, joints, terminations, and separable insulated connectors used on underground electric power systems. To improve or maintain
34、 electric system reliability, many companies depend on accurate failure analysis to optimize maintenance budgets and develop improved material specifications. This series of guides will not make the user an expert in failure analysis. It will, however, provide a general background on specific method
35、s that can be used or specified when performing failure analysis. 1.1 Scope This guide provides an introduction to failure analysis. It is the first in a series of guides covering failure analysis for cables, joints, terminations, and separable insulated connectors used on shielded power cable syste
36、ms rated 5 kV through 46 kV. Each subsequent guide will address failure analysis of a specific component of the underground power cable system. The following guides are planned for the series. g16 Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Shielded Power Cable Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV through 46 kV
37、. g16 Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Joint Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV through 46 kV. g16 Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Termination Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV through 46 kV. g16 Guide for Investigating and Analyzing Separable Insulated Connector Failures on Systems Rated 5 kV t
38、hrough 46 kV. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to provide an introduction to the concepts of failure analysis, how it can be used, and the value that can be obtained. The guide covers some of the commonly used methods employed in failure analysis and how these methods can be applied in deter
39、mining the cause of failure for the components used in the construction of an underground power cable system. The guide is based on the application of flow charting methods to the analysis of a failure. Ultimately, the guide will serve as a source for documenting known failure mechanisms and will pr
40、ovide a format for the documentation of new failure mechanism once they have been identified. Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE GUIDE FOR INVESTIGATING AND ANALYZING POWER CABLE, JOINT, IEEE Std 1511-2004 2. References This guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publica
41、tions. If the following publications are superseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply. IEEE 48TM-1996, IEEE Standard Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations 2.5 kV Through 765 kV.1,2IEEE 386TM-1995, IEEE Standard for Separable Insulated Connector S
42、ystems for Power Distribution Systems Above 600 V. IEEE 404TM-2000, IEEE Standard for Extruded and Laminated Dielectric Shielded Cable Joints Rated 2500 V to 500 000 V. IEEE 592TM-1990, IEEE Standard for Exposed Semiconducting Shields on High-Voltage Cable Joints and Separable Insulated Connectors.
43、IEEE 635TM-2003, IEEE Guide for Selection and Design of Aluminum Sheaths for Power Cables. IEEE 1026TM-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Test Methods for Determination of Compatibility of Materials With Conductive Polymeric Insulation Shields and Jackets. IEEE 1210TM-1996, IEEE Standard Tests for
44、Determining Compatibility of Cable-Pulling Lubricants With Wire and Cable. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition B2 should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause.
45、3.1 contributing cause: A cause that, of itself, may not result in failure. 3.2 contributing factor: A factor that possibly may have contributed to the failure. 3.3 failure: The inability of an item to perform its intended function. 3.4 failure analysis: The logical, systematic examination of an ite
46、m or its diagram(s) to identify and analyze the probability, causes, and consequences of potential and real failures. Statistical techniques may be used to determine failure rates based on the determined cause. 3.5 reliability: The ability of an item to perform a required function under stated condi
47、tions for a stated period of time. 1The IEEE standards or products referred to in Clause 2 are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. 2IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box
48、 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/). 2 Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved. AND TERMINATION FAILURES ON SYSTEMS RATED 5 kV THROUGH 46 kV IEEEStd 1511-20044. The information gathering process The following information should be tracked for each failure and should be
49、 made available to personnel who examine the samples. Many companies develop and use failed material return forms to initiate the information gathering process and track failures using a computerized database to recognize and evaluate trends. 4.1 Determination of what failed In some cases, it may be difficult to establish exactly what failed. Damage may be present in several locations. An initial failure may have created a cascade of events that led to subsequent failures of other components. In such situations, the most severely damaged area may not be the one where the failure
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