1、IEEE Std C37.110-2007(Revision of IEEE Std C37.110-1996)IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes IEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA7 April 2008IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by thePower System Relaying CommitteeC37.110 TMIEEE S
2、td C37.110-2007(Revision of IEEE Std C37.110-1996)IEEE Guide for the Application ofCurrent Transformers Used forProtective Relaying PurposesSponsorPower System Relaying Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyApproved 5 December 2007IEEE-SA Standards BoardApproved 1 May 2008American National St
3、andards InstituteThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 7 April 2008. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registere
4、d trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C37
5、.110-2007, IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes. This guide was prepared by the Working Group 1-15 on Application of Current Transformers for Relaying of the Relay Practices Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee. The guide is
6、 intended to assist relay engineers in understanding the operation of current transformers (CTs) and their selection and application to specific relay protection schemes. The guide was revised to include more comprehensive examples to aid the relay engineer in the selection and application of CTs. N
7、otice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referrin
8、g to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a
9、 wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and
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12、he issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association Web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, v
13、isit the IEEE-SA Web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. v Copyright 2008 IEEE.
14、 All rights reserved. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. B
15、y publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope
16、 of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of an
17、y patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the I-15 Working Group had the f
18、ollowing membership: George P. Moskos, Chair Barry Jackson, Vice Chair Michael Agudo Munnu Bajpai Simon Chano Ratan Das Paul R. Drum Gerald Fenner Charles Fink Harley Gilleland Nash Kassam Hardy King Jr. Ljubomir Kojovic Bill Kotheimer Prem Kumar Bruce Pickett Kevin Stephan Jim Stephens Joe Uchiyama
19、 Sahib Usman Delbert Weers Stan E. Zocholl The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Roy W. Alexander Steven C. Alexanderson Carlo Arpino Ali Al Awazi Thomas M. Barnes Paul D
20、. Barnhart Kenneth C. Behrendt Robert W. Beresh Bill Bergman Martin F. Best Wallace B. Binder Thomas Blair William G. Bloethe Stuart H. Borlase Stuart Bouchey Steven R. Brockschink Chris Brooks Gustavo A. Brunello Christoph Brunner Ted A. Burse William A. Byrd Eldridge R. Byron James S. Case Stephen
21、 P. Conrad Tommy P. Cooper James Cornelison John Crouse Stephen Dare Ratan Das Matthew T. Davis Gary L. Donner Randall L. Dotson Paul R. Drum Donald G. Dunn Gary Engmann Keith Flowers Fredric A. Friend Frank J. Gerleve Manuel Gonzalez Stephen Grier Charles Grose Randall C. Groves Erich W. Gunther Aj
22、it K. Gwal Kenneth Hanus Roger A. Hedding Charles F. Henville Jerry W. Hohn David A. Horvath John J. Horwath James D. Huddleston David W. Jackson James H. Jones Peter J. Kemp Gael Kennedy J. L. Koepfinger Boris Kogan Edward Krizauskas Jim Kulchisky Saumen K. Kundu Chung-Yiu Lam Raluca E. Lascu Willi
23、am E. Lockley Federico Lopez William G. Lowe G. Luri Omar Mazzoni Michael J. McDonald Mark F. McGranaghan Nigel P. McQuin Gary L. Michel Dean Miller Georges F. Montillet Charles Morse George P. Moskos Brian P. Mugalian Randolph Mullikin Jerry R. Murphy George R. Nail Anthony P. Napikoski Dennis K. N
24、eitzel Bradley D. Nelson Jeffrey H. Nelson Michael Newman Joe W. Nims Gary L. Nissen T. W. Olsen Lorraine K. Padden Joshua S. Park Donald M. Parker Paulette Payne Powell Iulian E. Profir Johannes Rickmann Michael A. Roberts Charles W. Rogers Joseph R. Rostron Thomas J. Rozek Dinesh Pranathy Sankarak
25、urup Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo David Schempp Thomas Schossig Tony L. Seegers Lubomir H. Sevov Devki N. Sharma Hyeong J. Sim Mark S. Simon Douglas W. Smith James E. Smith Joshua B. Smith Paul B. Sullivan Richard P. Taylor S. H. Telander S. Thamilarasan Michael J. Thompson Demetrios A. Tziouvaras Joe
26、 D. Watson Kenneth White James W. Wilson Ray Young Karl V. Zimmerman Ahmed F. Zobaa Stan E. Zocholl vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 5 December 2007, it had the following membership: Ste
27、ve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Par
28、sons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal,
29、NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Jennie Steinhagen IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 1 3. Definitions
30、 2 4. Current transformer characteristics and classification 4 4.1 Current transformer equivalent circuit and phasor diagrams. 4 4.2 Current transformer secondary excitation characteristics 6 4.3 Knee-point voltage 7 4.4 Current transformer accuracy 8 4.5 Dynamic characteristics. 11 4.6 The effects
31、of remanence. 19 4.7 Fundamental transformer equation 22 5. General application of current transformers . 23 5.1 Current transformer burdens 23 5.2 Ratio selection . 25 5.3 Long-term and short-term thermal ratings. 25 5.4 Current transformer secondary output accuracy class voltage. 26 5.5 Connecting
32、 current transformers in series . 27 5.6 Three-phase connections . 27 5.7 Auxiliary current transformers. 28 5.8 Bus configuration 28 5.9 Current transformer location 29 5.10 Minimizing the effects of current transformer saturation 30 5.11 Determining current transformer steady-state performance usi
33、ng secondary excitation curves 30 6. Effects of current transformer saturation on relays. 31 6.1 Saturation effects on electromechanical relays 31 6.2 Saturation effects on static relays 31 6.3 Saturation effects on differential relays . 32 6.4 Unbalanced current measurement 32 6.5 Current transform
34、er performance under geomagnetic-induced current conditions . 33 7. Specific applications of current transformers . 33 7.1 Overcurrent relays . 33 7.2 Differential protection . 37 7.3 Distance protection 54 7.4 Other types of high-speed protection. 56 viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. A
35、nnex A (informative) IEC standards on current transformers 57 Annex B (informative) List of ANSI C accuracy class values and burdens. 60 Annex C (informative) Remanent flux in current transformers 61 Annex D (informative) Optical current sensor systems 62 Annex E (informative) Bibliography 65 ix Cop
36、yright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to assure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circu
37、mstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear i
38、n all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from the IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope Thi
39、s guide describes the characteristics and classification of current transformers (CTs) used for protective relaying. It also describes the conditions that cause the CT output to be distorted and the effects on relaying systems of this distortion. The selection and application of CTs for the more com
40、mon protection schemes are also addressed. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to present a comprehensive treatment of the theory and application of CTs to assist the relay application engineer in the correct selection and application of CTs for protective relaying purposes. 2. Normative refere
41、nces The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
42、references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies. IEEE Std C37.110-2007 IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes 2 Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std C57.13-1993, IEEE Standa
43、rd Requirements for Instrument Transformers.2, 33. Definitions For the purposes of this guide, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B164should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 3.1 accuracy: The extent to which the current
44、in the secondary circuit reproduces the current in the primary circuit in the proportion stated by the marked ratio and represents the phase relationship of the primary current. 3.2 accuracy classes for relaying (instrument current transformer): Limits in terms of percent ratio error that have been
45、established. 3.3 accuracy ratings for relaying: The relay accuracy class is described by a letter denoting whether the accuracy can be obtained by calculation or must be obtained by test, followed by the minimum secondary terminal voltage that the transformer will produce at 20 times rated secondary
46、 current with one of the standard burdens without exceeding the relay accuracy class limit. (This is usually taken as 10%.) 3.4 burden (of a relay): Load impedance imposed by a relay on an input circuit expressed in ohms and phase angle at specified conditions. NOTEIf burden is expressed in other te
47、rms such as voltamperes, additional parameters such as voltage, current, and phase angle must be specified.53.5 burden on an instrument transformer: That property of the circuit connected to the secondary winding that determines the active and reactive power at the secondary terminals. The burden is
48、 expressed either as total ohms impedance together with the effective resistance and reactance components or as the total voltamperes and power factor at the specified values of frequency and current. 3.6 bushing-type current transformer: A current transformer (CT) that has an annular core with a se
49、condary winding insulated from and permanently assembled on the core but has no primary winding or insulation for a primary winding. This type of CT is for use with a fully insulated conductor as a primary winding. A bushing-type CT is usually used in equipment where the primary conductor is a component part of other apparatus. 3.7 continuous thermal current rating factor: The factor by which the rated primary current of a current transformer can be multiplied to obtain the maximum primary current that can be carried continuously without exceeding the limiting tem
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