1、IEEE Std C57.127-2007(Revision ofIEEE Std C57.127-2000)IEEE Guide for the Detection andLocation of Acoustic Emissions fromPartial Discharges in Oil-ImmersedPower Transformers and ReactorsIEEE3 Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5997, USA31 August 2007IEEE Power Engineering SocietySponsored by theTransfor
2、mers CommitteeC57.127TMRecognized as an IEEE Std C57.127-2007 American National Standard (Revision of IEEE Std C57.127-2000) IEEE Guide for the Detection and Location of Acoustic Emissions from Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers and Reactors Sponsor Transformers Committee of the I
3、EEE Power Engineering Society Approved 22 March 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Approved 9 August 2007 American National Standards Institute Abstract: The detection and location of acoustic emissions from partial discharges and other sources in oil immersed power transformers and reactors are covered i
4、n this guide. A means of associating the relative magnitude and position of partial discharges and other sources with the acoustic signals obtained by strategically located transducers is provided. Keywords: acoustic emission (AE), attenuation, burst, gas-in-oil analysis, low-amplitude discharges, p
5、artial discharge (PD), power transformers, reactors _ The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 31 August 2007. Printed in the Un
6、ited States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction
7、The guide is an expansion of IEEE Std C57.127-2000. It has been expanded to include more theory and signal interpretation information, newer techniques for detection, and the concepts for location. Active workers in the field are constantly trying to improve their methods. More effective methods may
8、 appear in the future. Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/ standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretatio
9、ns can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/ interp/index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with resp
10、ect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those pate
11、nts that are brought to its attention. A patent holder or patent applicant has filed a statement of assurance that it will grant licenses under these rights without compensation or under reasonable rates and nondiscriminatory, reasonable terms and conditions to applicants desiring to obtain such lic
12、enses. The IEEE makes no representation as to the reasonableness of rates, terms, and conditions of the license agreements offered by patent holders or patent applicants. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Department. A patent letter of assurance has been filed with the IEEE
13、 by the patent holder of the material presented in 6.7 (Three-sensor system). This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.127-2007, IEEE Guide for the Detection and Location of Acoustic Emissions from Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers and Reactors. v Copyright 2007 IEEE. All ri
14、ghts reserved. Participants At the time this guide was completed, the Acoustic Partial Discharge Measurements Working Group had the following membership: John W. Harley, Chair Donald E. Ayers Ron Barker Ray Bartnikas Barry L. Beaster Jeff Benach Tord Bengtsson Paul Boman John Bosiger Carl L. Bush Al
15、varo Cancino William J. Carter Luiz Cheim Yunxiang Chen Bill Chiu Colin Clark Roy Colquitt Jerry L. Corkran John C. Crouse Alan W. Darwin Ron Daubert Fred E. Elliott Donald J. Fallon Norman Field George Forrest Bruce I. Forsyth Michael Franchek George Frimpong Jim Fyvie Robert Ganser Andreas Garnits
16、chnig Saurabh Ghosh Richard Graham Bill Griesacker Sergio Guerrero Ernst Hanique Tom Harbaugh Peter Heinzig Keith R. Highton Thang Hochanh John Holland Anthony Jonnatti Steve Jordan Samer Khaled Vladmir Khalin Emil M. Kowal John G. Lackey Mike Lamb Robert Langan Mike Lau Eberhard Lemke Stanley Lindg
17、ren Raymond Lortie Richard Lowe Andre Lux Tamyres Luiz Machado, Jr. Jim McIver Martin Navarro Van Nhi Nguyen Ron Nicholas Arturo Nunez Jesse Patton Mark D. Perkins Paul Pillitteri Bertrand Poulin Gustav H. Preininger George J. Reitter John Runski Dirk Russwurm Ewald Schweiger Hemchandra M. Shertukde
18、 James E. Smith Brian D. Sparling Charles Sweetser Robyn Taylor Ed Tenyenhuis Robert Thompson Subhash Tuli Albert Walls Barry H. Ward Eduardo Garcia Wild Others who were active in the writing of this guide are: Pierre Boss Ed Cromer Michel Duval Valery Godinez David Goodwin Lars-Erik Juhlin Adrian P
19、ollock Karen Weissman vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Steven C. Alexanderson Carlo Arpino Javier Arteaga Munnu Bajpai B
20、arry L. Beaster Wallace B. Binder, Jr. Thomas E. Blackburn, III William G. Bloethe Steven R. Brockschink Kent W. Brown Carl L. Bush Tommy P. Cooper Jerry L. Corkran John C. Crouse Alan W. Darwin Matthew T. Davis Randall L. Dotson Donald G. Dunn Fred E. Elliott Gary R. Engmann Donald J. Fallon Joseph
21、 Foldi Bruce I. Forsyth Randall C. Groves John W. Harley Gary A. Heuston David A. Horvath Dennis Horwitz James D. Huddleston, III Lars E. Juhlin J. L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Saumen K. Kundu John G. Lackey Stephen R. Lambert Boyd R. Leuenberger Albert Livshitz William G. Lowe J. Dennis Marlow John
22、W. Matthews William M. McDermid Mark F. McGranaghan Joseph P. Melanson Gary L. Michel Daniel H. Mulkey Krste Najdenkoski Michael S. Newman Paulette A. Payne David F. Peelo Mark D. Perkins Bertrand Poulin Gustav H. Preininger Iulian E. Profir Ryland B. Revelle Johannes Rickmann Michael A. Roberts Tho
23、mas J. Rozek Bartien Sayogo Devki N. Sharma Hemchandra M. Shertukde Hyeong J. Sim Brian D. Sparling Nagu N. Srinivas Christopher W. Ten-Haagen S. Thamilarasan A. John Vandermaar Barry H. Ward Joe D. Watson William R. Wessman James W. Wilson, Jr. Waldemar Ziomek Ahmed F. Zobaa When the IEEE-SA Standa
24、rds Board approved this guide on 22 March 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills, Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Julian Forster* Kenneth S. Hanus Wil
25、liam B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger* Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emer
26、itus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Alan H. Cookson, NIST Representative Virginia C. Sulzberger, Member/TAB Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE Stand
27、ards Program Manager, Technical Program Development vii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 Safety warnings . 1 2. Definitions 2 3. Detection and measurement of PDBackground information 3 4. Introduction to acoustic PD systems. 4 4.1 All-a
28、coustic system 5 4.2 Acoustic system with an electrical PD trigger. 5 4.3 On-line (continuous) acoustic monitoring system . 6 5. Acoustic signal and transmission characteristics 6 5.1 Acoustic signal 6 5.2 Acoustic signal propagation from source to tank wall. 8 5.3 Acoustic signal propagation within
29、 the tank wall 8 5.4 Velocity of sound in oil . 9 6. AE systemsEquipment specifications. 9 6.1 Introduction . 9 6.2 Acoustic systems that record single events 10 6.3 Digital signal processing (DSP) workstations that record acoustic data over extended periods 11 6.4 On-line (continuous) acoustic PD m
30、onitoring systems 11 6.5 External sensor 12 6.6 Internal sensor 12 6.7 Three-sensor system 12 6.8 Band-pass filter 13 7. AE testing. 13 7.1 Personnel qualification and certification . 13 7.2 Field versus factory test differences 13 7.3 General considerations on the application of sensors 13 8. AE fi
31、eld test procedure. 15 8.1 Introduction . 15 8.2 Test setup. 15 8.3 Sensor placement and initial scan 15 8.4 Monitoring techniques. 16 8.5 Locating the source of the signal . 17 8.6 Reporting and followup . 17 viii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. 9. Factory test procedure using an electric
32、al trigger. 17 9.1 Introduction . 17 9.2 Initial sensor placement . 18 9.3 Measurements and changing of sensor placement. 21 10. Characterization of AE signals. 22 10.1 Introduction . 22 10.2 GeneralAC systems . 22 10.3 Acoustic systems that record single events 23 10.4 DSP workstations that record
33、acoustic data over extended periods. 26 10.5 On-line (continuous) acoustic partial discharge monitoring systems 26 10.6 HVDC transformers and reactors 26 10.7 Characteristics of PD from static electrification 27 10.8 Acoustic activity from thermal faults, the core, mechanical noises, and other sourc
34、es. 27 10.9 Comparison between electrical and acoustic signals . 28 11. Integrating AE results with data from oil analysis . 28 12. Acoustic activity interpretation 30 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 31 Annex B (informative) Signal processing 36 Annex C (informative) Wavelet signal processing t
35、heory 37 Annex D (informative) Tutorial and case studies for detection and location of AE from PD 40 IEEE Guide for the Detection and Location of Acoustic Emissions from Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers and Reactors 1. 1.11.21.3Overview Scope This guide is applicable to the dete
36、ction and location of acoustic emissions from partial discharges and other sources in oil immersed power transformers and reactors. Both electrical sources (partial discharge) and mechanical sources (such as loose clamping, bolts, or insulation parts) generate these emissions. There are descriptions
37、 of acoustic instrumentation, test procedures, and interpretation of results. When this guide is used with oil-immersed reactors, it must be understood that interpretation of signals may be different because of the construction of the reactor. Accuracy of location depends on the type of fault, confi
38、guration of tank, type of instrumentation, and experience. Purpose This guide is intended to provide information that may be helpful in planning, installing, and operating acoustic monitoring equipment and in meaningful interpretation of resulting data. Users are intended to be persons knowledgeable
39、 in this field such as utility engineers, consultants, academics, and manufacturers. Safety warnings The safety warnings in this subclause apply only to work done on transformers installed in the field, not to factory testing. Refer to factory test codes for safety warnings for these situations. Par
40、tial discharge (PD) location should only be attempted by those technicians and engineers trained in working on high-voltage transformers and knowledgeable of the risks associated with this work. 1 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std C57.127-2007 IEEE Guide for the Detection and Locati
41、on of Acoustic Emissions from Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers and Reactors WARNING The transformer tank must be connected to a low resistance ground to limit the extremely high voltages being induced into the ground circuit and the tank if a high voltage to ground failure occur
42、s. The personnel risk is very high if the transformer fails to ground. Even when grounded properly, the voltage on the tank to a different ground source may be LETHAL at the instant the failure occurs. WARNING If the transformer is being energized or deenergized, or there is another type of power sy
43、stem voltage, all personnel should maintain a reasonable distance from the transformer and equipment electrically connected to the tank due to the possibility of a failure. It is recommended that acoustic measurement equipment connected to the tank be electrically isolated from the transformer tank,
44、 e.g., by optical means or by high-voltage electrical insulation, when measuring during transient events to eliminate the danger to the equipment or operators. WARNING It is preferable to make all connections to the tank with the transformer deenergized, but in no case should the transformer voltage
45、 be above normal voltage while the sonic measuring devices are installed. Personnel must not access areas where high voltages are within minimum approach distance, such as on top of energized transformers or in bushing compartments. WARNING The transformer ground circuit must never be changed (conne
46、cted or disconnected) while the transformer is energized. Even with the transformer deenergized, it is possible to have circulating currents in substation ground circuits; therefore, appropriate care should be exercised when connecting or disconnecting ground circuits. 2.Definitions For the purposes
47、 of this guide, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B331may be referenced for terms not defined in this clause. 2.1 acoustic couplant: A material used at the structure-to-sensor interface to improve the transmission of acoustic energy acros
48、s the interface during acoustic emission monitoring. NOTESee 6.5.22.2 acoustic emission (AE): The phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within a material, or the transient waves so generated. NOTESee 5.1. 1The numbers in bracket
49、s correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. 2Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this standard. 2 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std C57.127-2007 IEEE Guide for the Detection and Location of Acoustic Emissions from Partial Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers and Reactors 3 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. 2.3 acoustic impedance: The decisive factor for determining reflection and transmission properties
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