ANSI IEEE N42.47-2010 American National Standard for Measuring the Imaging Performance of X-ray and Gamma-ray Systems for Security Screening of Humans.pdf

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4、6g3g33 Augustg3g21g19g20g19g49g23g21g17g23g26ANSI N42.47-2010 American National Standard for Measuring the Imaging Performance of X-ray and Gamma-ray Systems for Security Screening of Humans Sponsor National Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42 Accredited by the American National Standards In

5、stitute Secretariat Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Approved 27 July 2010 American National Standards Institute Abstract: This standard applies to security screening systems that utilize x-ray or gamma radiation and are used to inspect people who are not inside vehicles, cont

6、ainers, or enclosures. Specifically, this standard applies to systems used to detect objects carried on or within the body of the individual being exposed. The purpose of this standard is to provide standard methods of measuring and reporting imaging quality characteristics and establish minimum acc

7、eptable performance requirements. Keywords: body scanner, gamma-ray, imaging performance, materials detection, minimum requirements, penetration, personnel scanner, security screening, spatial resolution, wire detection, x-ray g120The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Av

8、enue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 3 August 2010. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1-978-750-8400. Permission to photocopy portions

9、of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction is not part of ANSI N42.47, American National Standard for Measuring the Imaging Performance of X-ray and Gamma-ray Systems for Security Screening of H

10、umans This standard is the responsibility of the Accredited American Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42. The standard was approved by N42 letter ballot. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance wit

11、h the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is

12、not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in privat

13、e self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE stand

14、ards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document togeth

15、er with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association Web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xp

16、l/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA Web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed

17、at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. v Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/re

18、ading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in conne

19、ction therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a L

20、etter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further informatio

21、n may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time it approved this standard, the Accredited Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42, had the following membership: Michael P. Unterweger, Chair Louis Costrell, Dep

22、uty Chair William Ash, Administrative Secretary Organization Represented.Name of Representative Bartlett Services . Morgan Cox Canberra.Bob Huckins Chew, M.H. Jack M. Selby Commerce Dept, U.S. NIST Michael P. Unterweger .Louis Costrell* (Alt.) Consultant . Frank X. Masse Department of Homeland Secur

23、ity .Peter Shebell Entergy-ANO. Ron Schwartz Health Physics Society Sandy Perle Harvard University . Joseph Ring IEEE . Louis Costrell* . Anthony Spurgin (Alt.) Michael P. Unterweger (Alt.) International Medcom .Don Sythe Lawrence Berkeley National Lab . Edward J. Lampo Computer Dependability Associ

24、ates, LLCGary Johnson NASA, GSFC R. Sachidananda Babu Nuclear Standards UnlimitedAl N. Tschaeche Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Peter J. Chiaro, Jr. .Charles Britton (Alt.) Ortec-Ametek Corp Ronald M. Keyser Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richard Kouzes Swinth Associates Kenneth L. Swinth U.

25、S. Army Edward Groeber U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Cynthia G. Jones Members-At-Large.Joseph C. McDonald Paul L. Phelps . Joseph Stencel Lee J. Wagner * Deceased vii Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. At the time this standard was completed, Subcommittee N42.HSI had the following member

26、ship: Michael P. Unterweger, Co-Chair Morgan Cox, Co-Chair Peter J. Chiaro, Jr. David Gilliam Mark D. Hoover Cynthia G. Jones Ronald Keyser Richard Kouzes Joseph C. McDonald Leticia Pibida Peter Shebell David Trombino At the time this standard was completed, the ANSI N42.47 Working Group had the fol

27、lowing members: Frank Cerra, Chair Steve Smith, Vice Chair Martin Annis Paul Bergstrom Randy Broadright Michael Cluff John Ely Tony Frudakis Gordon Gillerman David Hamel Gerard Hanley Larry Hudson Roy Lindquist Bill Maguire Barry Masters David Montion Nick Paulter Jeff Schubert Richard Schueller Ste

28、phen Seltzer Jerel Smith John Santos Scott Trosper Amit Verma Douglas Wicks Michael Wilson The Working Group acknowledges the contributions of Binmei Yang who provided the technical drawings, and the following individuals who contributed to the discussions: Bonnie Kudrick, Dan Kassiday, Dean Devlin,

29、 Doreen Hill, Ed Ocker, James Barnes, Jill Segraves, John Wojtowicz, Justin Smith, Kurt Fischer, Lee Spanier, Luke McCormick, Mario Saucier, Mershad Abdu, Michael Dow, Robert Jennings, Surender Ahir, Wade Sapp, and Whit Weller. viii Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.

30、1 Scope . 2 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions and special terms . 3 3.1 Definitions . 3 3.2 Special terms 5 4. General considerations . 5 4.1 Special word usage 5 4.2 Environmental factors 5 4.3 Radiological safety 6 4.4 Electrical and mechanical safety 6 4.5 Electromagnetic com

31、patibility. 6 5. Imaging performance evaluation procedures 8 5.1 Documentation. 8 5.2 Image quality measurement objectives and scope . 9 5.3 Location of testing. 10 5.4 Body phantom and test objects 10 5.5 Spatial resolution test. 11 5.6 Wire detection test. 12 5.7 Materials detection on body test 1

32、3 5.8 Materials detection in air test. 14 5.9 Penetration test 15 6. Minimum acceptable imaging performance . 16 Annex A (normative) Mechanical drawings of the test objects 17 Annex B (informative) Imaging test report 40 Annex C (informative) Image resolution measurement using the pentalith . 43 C.1

33、 Introduction. 43 C.2 Strategy . 43 C.3 Pentalith construction 43 C.4 Pass/fail criterion 45 C.5 Repeatability . 47 ix Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserved. American National Standard for Measuring the Imaging Performance of X-ray and Gamma-ray Systems for Security Screening of Humans IMPORTANT

34、NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for u

35、se subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from I

36、EEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/ disclaimers.html. 1. Overview This document establishes standard test methods and test devices for measuring the imaging performance of x-ray and gamma-ray systems for security screening of humans. Minimum acceptable performance requirements are also pr

37、ovided. The procedures and minimum acceptable requirements in this standard should not be construed as an all-inclusive measure of performance for any situation. Depending on the circumstances and detection needs, user institutions will continue to generate their own requirements and are encouraged

38、to do so. Rather, it is hoped that this standard will provide a starting point for evaluating systems, provoke a uniform set of readily available information to compare equipment, and offer a standard procedure for periodic quality control testing. Additionally, this standard provides a number of sa

39、fety requirements, derived from a variety of standards documents and federal regulations that are essential to the responsible operation of the systems covered. These include: electromagnetic compatibility, and radiological, electrical, and mechanical safety. Three annexes are included. Annex A (nor

40、mative) provides mechanical drawings of the imaging test objects. Sample test report forms are given in Annex B (informative). Annex C (informative) provides a generic description of the pentaliththe spatial resolution test object developed for this standard. 1 Copyright 2010 IEEE. All rights reserv

41、ed. ANSI N42.47-2010 American National Standard for Measuring the Imaging Performance of X-ray and Gamma-ray Systems for Security Screening of Humans 1.1 Scope This standard applies to security screening systems that utilize x-ray or gamma radiation and are used to inspect people who are not inside

42、vehicles, containers, or enclosures. Specifically, this standard applies to systems used to detect objects carried on or within the body of the individual being exposed. The following types of systems are included in the scope of this standard: Systems designated as fixed, portal, re-locatable, tran

43、sportable, mobile, or gantry. Systems employing detection of primary radiation (transmission systems), or scatter radiation (backscatter systems), or a combination of both. Systems that are primarily imaging but that also may have complementary features such as material discrimination, or automatic

44、active or passive threat alerts. This standard will not address how to test these complementary features. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this standard is to provide standard methods of measuring and reporting imaging quality characteristics and to establish minimum acceptable performance requirements fo

45、r the systems described in 1.1. 2. Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions that, through reference in Clause 4 of this standard, constitute requirements of this standard. For dated references or those with specified editions, subsequent amendments or revisions do no

46、t apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Users of this standard should note that standards referenced herein may not fulfill the legal requirements and practices in all states, countries, or jurisdictions. Care should be taken to ensure regul

47、atory compliance. ANSI/HPS N43.17, Radiation Safety for Personnel Security Screening Systems Using X-ray or Gamma Radiation.1ASME B20.1, Safety Standard for Conveyors and Related Equipment (only for systems employing conveyors).2CISPR 11, Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Radio-frequency equi

48、pment disturbance characteristicsLimits and methods of measurement, Edition 5.0, 2009-05.3Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47 Part 15 (47 CFR 15),Telecommunications, Chapter IFederal Communications Commission, Part 15Radio Frequency Devices.41Available from Health Physics Society, Health Physics S

49、ociety, 1313 Dolley Madison Boulevard, Suite 402, McLean, VA 22101, USA (http:/www.hps.org), or from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http:/www.ansi.org/). 2ASME publications are available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990, USA (http:/www.asme.org/). 3 CISPR documents are available from the Sales Department of the International Electrotechnical Commission, Case Postale 131, 3, rue de Varemb, CH-1211, Genve 20, Switzerlan